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The article contains the analysis of materials about HIV infection and the status of work on its early detection among soldiers. Currently, the figures have a tendency to stabilization, but there is an increase in the persantage of HIV-infected persons performing military service under the contract, as well as the actualization sexual way of infection. The insufficient effectiveness of the barrier screening during the laboratory examination of recruits may contribute the increase in the incidence of HIV infection. Have been reviewed the questions medical-diagnostic and medical-psychological support of HIV-infected soldiers. Been analyzed the social consequences of delays in seeking medical help of patients in this group, the opportunities and challenges of their dispensary observation. It was noted that early detection of HIV infection and proper medical and psychological support in the dynamics of pathological process helps to reduce the number of new cases and improve their outcomes and to reduce the period of efficiency recovery of military personnel.

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An analysis of regulatory documents of the Ministry of Healthcare and the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation related to HIV/AIDS prevention was carried out. The current system of HIV/AIDS detection and registration among military and civil personnel was assessed. Problems and prospects of scientific-and-research laboratory (the register of infectious disease pathology and HIV-infected military personnel) of Scientific-and-research centre at the Kirov Military medical academy were discussed. It is proposed that the main direction of the laboratory activity will be the restoration of up-to-date records of military personnel with HIV/AIDS. This activity will provide the necessary information to responsible specialists of the Main state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance centre and the Main military medical department of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation for the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance for purposeful and economically feasible management decisions in the field of military personnel infection diseases prevention.

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The current article elucidates some novel trends in the field of medical control over the physical training process in the US Armed Forces. The high rate of injuries attributed to physical training calls for scientific medical research intensification of the physical training process. The main innovations are the following: avoidance of overtraining, personalization, gradual increase of loading.

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The current article elucidates some novel trends in the field of healthcare-associated infections emerged in the foreign scientific medical publications over the last year and a half (January 2013 - June 2014). The following topics are covered: definition of the term, the body of publications bibliometrics, classification, statistics, patient-to-professional infection transmission, control and prevention, specialized national organizations, new guidelines and a new monograph on the theme. The conducted analysis demonstrates the significance of the topic and the high rate of research in the field.

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The current article is dedicated to the modern aspects of combat maxillofacial trauma as they have been presented in 2012-2013 scientific publications. It has been shown that due to employment of more and more powerful explosive devices the facial trauma over the last decade has occurred more frequently and become more severe. Some new methods of facial injuries treatment are being tested now, among them KSL-W antimicrobial decapeptide, new bone regenerative biocompatible materials, scar-healing mesenchymal and adipose-derived stem cells, and a custom automated face dressing platform.

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The present article is the last part of the review dedicated to organization and management of medical research in the US Armed Forces. The first through fourth parts were published in the previous issues of the journal. Specifically this article is dedicated to organization and management of medical research in the US Air Force and Coast Guard. It is shown that in the US Air Force the medical research is conducted in the Air Force Research Laboratory and in the US Coast Guard--in its Research and Development Center. The particular research programs conducted in the above mentioned units are discussed.

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The present review is dedicated to organization and management of military veteran's health care system of the US and UK. It is shown that despite the differences in health care systems of both countries their veterans receive the stat-of-the-art medical service which is readily available and financially affordable.

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The present article is the fourth part of the review dedicated to organization and management of medical research in the US Armed Forces. The first, second and the third parts were published in the previous issues of the journal. Specifically this article is dedicated to organization and management of medical research in the US Navy. It is shown that in the US Navy the fundamental and a part of applied investigations are conducted in the Office of Naval Research while more practical research is carried out at the Naval Medical Research Center. The latter includes the Naval Health Research Center, the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and seven Naval Medical Research Units which are successively presented. The particular research programs conducted in the above mentioned organizations are discussed.

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The present review is dedicated to organization and principles of operation of the Medical service of the Armed Forces of Great Britain. At the beginning of the review a brief description of British Armed Forces and their medical service is presented. Then the particular key elements of the medical service such as the medical services of the Armed Forces major components, inpatient care, medical supplies, research, medical care at an operation theater, medical personnel training are considered. The special attention is paid to the Joint Medical Command formed four years ago as a prototype for the future integration and centralization of the whole medical service. The cooperation with the civil health care has played an increasing role in the organization of British military medicine. That is why the review includes the short description of the major structure of the British civil health care system--the National Health Service.

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The present article is the second part of the review dedicated to organization and management of medical research in the US Armed Forces. The first part has been published in the previous issue of the journal. Specifically this article is dedicated to organization and management of medical research in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. The following units are successively presented: the Defense Medical Research and Development Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. The particular research programs conducting in the above mentioned institutions are presented.

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The analysis of results of laboratorial diagnostics of HIV-infection in multiprofile treatment institute of the Ministry of Defense of RF, questioning of medical staff on the questions of diagnostics and treatment of HIV-infection discovered several disadvantages in the system of training of the physicians in this sphere. Insufficient level of knowledge of practical aspects of HIV-infection causes baseless quantity of screening laboratorial tests (up to 70%). It leads to grand material inputs of the Ministry of Defense of RF. The authors propose an elaborated guidance manual for teachers, attending physicians and students of academies on studying questions of HIV-infection, based on the principle of "transparent study", on broad engaging of different departments to the process of teaching, on consideration of profiles of cycles of studying, of levels of adoption, types of lessons, volume of study time.

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The possibilities of the control over the processes determining the HIV-infection spreading risk are considered. In the view of that the automated system which enables to evaluate risk factors predetermining the appearance of new infection cases was proposed. These factors are systematised in a multilevel database. On the basis of the statistical analysis of the risk factors situations of the spread of the HIV infection are revealed and analysed and measures for their liquidation are worked out promptly. The system is universal and can be used for the prevention of the beginning of other extreme situations caused by the spread of different infections. The examples of the comparative analysis of the risk of sexual behaviour in various groups of servicemen are given.

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HIV-infection in Russia and its Armed Forces is a serious threat to the national health and country's safety. Study of peculiarities of disease spread in the military collectives and HIV-infection manifestation is an actual problem. HIV-infection is diagnosed during the latent stage in all categories of servicemen and characterized by unchanged function of cellular and humoral immunity. In most servicemen with HIV-infection the disease course has a form of co-infection with parenteral hepatitis B and C.

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The increase in HIV-infection incidence in the RF Armed Forces requires the study of modern epidemiology of this infection, the improvement of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures to prevent the contamination of units and ships and to eliminate the epidemiologic foci in time. The epidemiological situation connected with HIV-infection in Russia and the Armed Forces has the general patterns. The maximal incidence is registered in servicemen living in HIV unfavorable territories of the country. In 2001 the structure of HIV transmission in the military collectives was the following: sexual--51%, parenteral (drug addiction)--45%, parenteral (use of one shaving set)--1%, parenteral (tattooing)--1%, uncertain--2%. The high military epidemiological significance of HIV-infection requires the improvement of preventive forms and methods taking into account the main causes and factors that determine the epidemiological situation in Army and Navy.

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The new method for microbiological analysis of blood in patients with pyoseptic infections is based on separate inoculations of plasma, erythrocyte mass, and leukocyte layer in nutrient medium providing conditions for growth of a wide spectrum of aerobes and obligate anaerobes. The method in general ensures a more rapid result and permits differentiation between true and false-positive bacteremia and between stages of septic process (bacteremia and septicemia).

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The functional state of HIV-infected monocytes in 153 persons aged 20-59 years was studied. It was characterized by an increase in the production of monokines (TNF-alpha, IL1 beta) at stages IIB-IIIA, pronounced activation of the synthesis of DNA at stages IIB-IIC of the disease due to mass intracellular production of viral proteins. At the same stages an increase in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and a decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase were noted, which was indicative of an increase in the intensity of the process of anaerobic oxygenation at early of infection with the simultaneous decrease of the intensity of the tricarbon acid cycle and the subsequent suppression of the immunoregulating properties of monocytes.

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