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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics administered in ovo on selected morphological parameters of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) in broiler chickens (Ross 308) and native chickens (Green-legged Partridge, GP). On the 12th day of embryonic development (the incubation period), an aqueous solution of a suitable bioactive substance was supplied in ovo to the egg's air cell: probiotic-Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (PRO), prebiotic-GOS, galacto-oligosaccharides (PRE) or symbiotic-GOS + Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (SYN). Sterile saline was injected into control (CON) eggs. After hatching, the chicks were placed in pens (8 birds/pen, 4 replicates/group) and housed for 42 days. On the last day of the experiment, all birds were individually weighed and slaughtered. Samples for histological analysis were taken directly after slaughter from three sections of the small intestine. In samples from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the height and width of the intestinal villi (VH) were measured and their area (VA) was calculated, the depth of the intestinal crypts (CD) was determined, the thickness of the muscularis was measured and the ratio of the villus height to the crypt depth (V/C) was calculated. On the basis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that the applied substances administered in ovo affect the production parameters and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens and GP. The experiment showed a beneficial effect of in ovo stimulation with a prebiotic on the final body weight of Ross 308 compared to CON, while the effect of the administered substances on the intestinal microstructure is not unequivocal. In GP, the best effect in terms of villi height and V/C ratio was found in the in ovo synbiotic group. Taking into account the obtained results, it can be concluded that chickens of different genotypes react differently to a given substance; therefore, the substances should be adapted to the genotype.

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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of a probiotic and a synbiotic on the morphometric parameters of the small intestine of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on three hundred sixty, one-day-old female Ross 308 chicks, which were randomly selected from 20,000 birds and divided into three treatment groups (n = 120) with ten replicates per treatment. The control group (C) was fed a commercial diet, the probiotic group (PRO) was fed the same diet with an added 1% of the probiotic Lavipan® (Lactococcus lactis, Carnobacterium divergens, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and the synbiotic group (SYN) was fed the commercial diet with an added synbiotic: 0.8% of the prebiotic RFO (extracted from lupin seeds) and 1% Lavipan®. According to the manufacturer's data, apart from the typical probiotic action,microorganisms contained in the preparation release anti-bacterial substances (hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins) and, therefore, are antagonistic towards pathogenic bacteria present in the gut of animals. Supplementation took place in the first seven days of rearing, and all birds had ad libitum access to water and feed during the 42 days of the experiment. On the last day, all birds were slaughtered and samples from three segments of the small intestine were taken. Villi area, height, width and crypt depth ratios were read using Multiscan software. Synbiotic supplementation increased the BWG of broilers from first to tenth day of rearing, compared to the control group. The PRO group had improved villi morphometric parameters of the duodenum. In the jejunum and ileum, both bioactive substances improved villus width and villus surface area. Crypts were deeper in the small intestine of birds supplemented with bioactive substances, which allows greater renewal of the villi. As expected, the intestinal morphometric parameters of broiler chickens benefited from bioactive substance supplementation.

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This study aimed at investigating changes in selected peripheral blood parameters in male polar foxes fed diets with different supplementation of inulin: 0.25% (group El), 0.5% (E2) and 1% (E3). The blood for analysis was sampled from the brachial vein. The study showed that adding 0.25 and 0.5% of inulin to fox feed resulted in a lower content of haemoglobin (Hb) as well as mean mass of Hb in red blood cells in the 0.5% inulin group. The total count of thrombocytes decreased significantly with a higher level of prebiotic, while the total number of white blood cells and the percentage of different leukocytes tested remained invariable. The lowest supplementation of inulin affected the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, however, the remaining acid-base parameters did not change. The present study provides the first preliminary information about the effect of dietary inulin on some haematological indices and acid-base parameters in adult polar foxes. The results may be helpful in practice to improve the health condition of farmed polar foxes.

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The aim of the research was to determine the concentration of total protein and its fractions as well as the concentration of selected mineral components in the blood serum of male broiler chickens Cobb 500 fed diets with different cellulose content. Blood samples were collected for examination from the birds' pterygoid canal veins on their 42 day of age. There was no influence of cellulose preparation on the content of total protein and its fractions: albumins, alfa1-, alfa2-, beta-, gamma-globulins, albumin to globulin ratio, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride and iron concentrations in blood serum. The highest calcium concentration (P < 0.05) was detected in the blood serum of males fed a diet with the highest cellulose content (0.75-0.95%). Simultaneously, a tendency of increased calcium content was observed along with an increased amount of pure cellulose in diets. The lowest magnesium level (P < 0.05) was observed in the blood of birds fed diets with the lowest amount of cellulose (0.25-0.45%). The magnesium level in the blood of birds fed a diet with higher amounts of cellulose did not considerably differ from the control group. Results from the current study suggest that introduction of a limited amount of pure cellulose into the diet of broiler chickens does not affect total protein concentration and protein fractions but can influence the mineral content in the blood serum.

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The objective of the study was to determine the concentration profile of selected hormones in the blood serum of blue polar fox vixens at various ages during the non-mating period, three months after lactation. The investigation was performed on 50 clinically healthy female polar foxes derived from a domestic reproductive farm. The animals were divided into 5 age groups (n = 10) ranging from the 1 to 5 years of life. In the blood serum the contents of insulin, triiodothyronine (total and free), thyroxin (total and free), leptin and ghrelin (total and active) were determined. No significant, female age-dependent differences were found in the contents of insulin, total and free triiodothyronine and total ghrelin in the blood serum. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in the concentration of total and free thyroxin (the highest in the blood of 4-year old females) as well as leptin and active ghrelin (the lowest and the highest content in 3-year old vixens). However, no distinct, female age-dependent tendencies for change in the content of these hormones in the blood serum were observed.

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The aim of the study was to determine the changes in the content of major proteins, glucose and selected hormones in the blood of piglets during the first 7 days of neonatal life. The study involved an entire litter of eight newborn piglets of F1 hybrids (Polish White Large x Polish Landrace) delivered from one sow in the second gestation. In blood samples collected directly after parturition (before colostrum intake), in the 12th, 24th and 48th hour and in 7th day of life, the content of total protein and its fractions, glucose concentration and the level of insulin, T3 (total and free), T4 (total and free), leptin, resistin and ghrelin (total and active) was determined. In the blood serum of newborn piglets a low content of total protein, albumins, gamma globulins and a high share of alpha- and beta globulins was found. In the 12th hour of life, after colostrum intake, a significant (P<0.05) increase in the content of total protein, albumins, beta-globulins and a rapid increase of gamma globulins as well as decrease of alpha-globulins level were observed. In the consecutive periods of postnatal life a significant (P<0.05) decrease of total protein, beta- and gamma globulins as well as a steady increase in the content of albumins in the blood serum of piglets was observed. The content of glucose, insulin, leptin, resistin and ghrelin in the blood serum of neonates increased significantly (P<0.05) after colostrum intake. During the successive experimental periods a progressive increase (P<0.05) of glucose and T3 as well as systematic decrease of insulin, T4, ghrelin and resistin in the blood serum was observed as compared to the 12th hour of life.

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The aim of the study was to determine the values of selected haematological and biochemical parameters in peripheral blood of female polar fox in relation to the age of the animals. The research involved 50 polar fox females three months after the lactation period (i.e. the non-mating period). Animals were divided into 5 age groups (n = 10), ranging from 1 to 5 years of age. In blood samples the following parameters were determined: RBC, Ht, Hb, WBC, PLT, red blood cell parameters (MCV, MCH, MCHC) and the percentage of respective kinds of white blood cells in the total number of leukocytes. The content of Ca, Pi, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn as well as the ALP and ACP activity was determined in blood serum. In comparison with one year-old females, in peripheral blood of females from the remaining age groups an increase in RBC, Ht and Hb content was observed as well as a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in WBC level together with a lower number of lymphocytes and an increase in the relative content of granulocytes and monocytes. No distinct relationship between the content of Ca, Na, Cl, Mg, Cu, Zn, the activity of ALP and ACP and the age of the animals was observed. The highest concentration of Pi and K was found in the blood serum of one year-old females. The content of Fe decreased with age and was lowest in 5 year-old animals (P < 0.05).

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