RESUMEN
Bioeconomy has been proposed as a strategy to overcome many global and national challenges, from climate action to income diversification in rural areas. Therefore, the ultimate goal is not to measure the bioeconomy per se, but its sustainability. One way to ensure sustainability of bioeconomy strategies would be by linking its reporting with internationally-agreed targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. Although there are case studies, scientific articles and technical reports in the literature of bioeconomy and other related strategies (e.g. green economy, circular economy) and their links to SDGs, the complete picture on this heterogeneous literature is missing. The objective of this work is to lay out the opportunities to couple monitoring and evaluation of bioeconomy and bioeconomy-related concepts to aid the countries to report their status on attaining SDGs. This study is the first to review and harmonize the results through meta-analysis of the available literature and technical reports on linking bioeconomy and SDGs. The results suggest that bioeconomy monitoring and evaluation can provide opportunities in terms of SDG reporting, in all three dimensions of sustainability. Bioeconomy strategies and practices were found to have strong potential in coupled reporting with several SDGs related to economic development, access to basic services, and sustainable consumption, followed by biodiversity conservation, waste re-use, equality, gender equality, inclusiveness and international cooperation.
Asunto(s)
Biotecnología/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Desarrollo Sostenible/economía , HumanosRESUMEN
Pollination by bees and other animals increases the size, quality, or stability of harvests for 70% of leading global crops. Because native species pollinate many of these crops effectively, conserving habitats for wild pollinators within agricultural landscapes can help maintain pollination services. Using hierarchical Bayesian techniques, we synthesize the results of 23 studies - representing 16 crops on five continents - to estimate the general relationship between pollination services and distance from natural or semi-natural habitats. We find strong exponential declines in both pollinator richness and native visitation rate. Visitation rate declines more steeply, dropping to half of its maximum at 0.6 km from natural habitat, compared to 1.5 km for richness. Evidence of general decline in fruit and seed set - variables that directly affect yields - is less clear. Visitation rate drops more steeply in tropical compared with temperate regions, and slightly more steeply for social compared with solitary bees. Tropical crops pollinated primarily by social bees may therefore be most susceptible to pollination failure from habitat loss. Quantifying these general relationships can help predict consequences of land use change on pollinator communities and crop productivity, and can inform landscape conservation efforts that balance the needs of native species and people.
Asunto(s)
Abejas , Productos Agrícolas/fisiología , Ecosistema , Conducta Alimentaria , Polinización/fisiología , Animales , Teorema de Bayes , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Modelos Biológicos , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
The recent trend to place monetary values on ecosystem services has led to studies on the economic importance of pollinators for agricultural crops. Several recent studies indicate regional, long-term pollinator declines, and economic consequences have been derived from declining pollination efficiencies. However, use of pollinator services as economic incentives for conservation must consider environmental factors such as drought, pests, and diseases, which can also limit yields. Moreover, "flower excess" is a well-known reproductive strategy of plants as insurance against unpredictable, external factors that limit reproduction. With three case studies on the importance of pollination levels for amounts of harvested fruits of three tropical crops (passion fruit in Brazil, coffee in Ecuador, and cacao in Indonesia) we illustrate how reproductive strategies and environmental stress can obscure initial benefits from improved pollination. By interpreting these results with findings from evolutionary sciences, agronomy, and studies on wild-plant populations, we argue that studies on economic benefits from pollinators should include the total of ecosystem processes that (1) lead to successful pollination and (2) mobilize nutrients and improve plant quality to the extent that crop yields indeed benefit from enhanced pollinator services. Conservation incentives that use quantifications of nature's services to human welfare will benefit from approaches at the ecosystem level that take into account the broad spectrum of biological processes that limit or deliver the service.