RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Reconstructive surgeons may encounter patients presenting after intracranial facial nerve resection and grafting in the setting of skull base tumors, who inquire regarding progression, final facial function, and need for future operations. Study goals were to analyze global and regional facial function using established grading systems and videography, while examine variables possibly affecting outcomes. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2012, 28 patients underwent intracranial nerve grafting. Fifteen were prospectively evaluated by three facial nerve physical therapists with the Facial Nerve Grading System 2.0 and the Sunnybrook Facial Grading Score for function and the Facial Disability Index for quality of life. Still photographs and videography were used to assess quality of motion and tone, while demographic and medical variables were analyzed regarding their effect on end results. RESULTS: Average patient age was 41.9 years (range, 22 to 66 years), and there were 10 women and five men. Average time interval between nerve grafting and evaluations was 42.9 months (range, 12 to 146 months). Both grading scores demonstrated best outcomes in the periorbita and worst outcomes in the brow. Buccinator muscle tone also improved. The average total Facial Disability Index was 67.5 percent. Although not statistically significant, the data suggest that nerve gap length affected total resting symmetry and voluntary movement, whereas preoperative palsy and age may affect total resting symmetry. Perioperative radiation therapy, tumor type, donor nerve, and coaptation technique were not found to affect outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial facial nerve grafting largely provides better resting tone and facial symmetry, potentially improving end results of future intervention; however, overall voluntary facial motion is poor. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.
Asunto(s)
Expresión Facial , Traumatismos del Nervio Facial/cirugía , Parálisis Facial/cirugía , Transferencia de Nervios/métodos , Neoplasias de la Base del Cráneo/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Parálisis Facial/etiología , Parálisis Facial/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Recuperación de la Función , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Neoplasias de la Base del Cráneo/patología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether clinical doses of diazepam (DZ; 10 mg/d) administered for 14 days result in tolerance as measured by the sinuosidal harmonic acceleration (SHA) rotational test. It has been shown that repeated dosing with DZ leads to accumulation and tolerance in outcome measures that assess memory, sedation, and psychomotor tasks. METHODS: In a double-blinded, repeated-measures design, 30 normal male subjects who ranged in age from 20 to 36 years were randomly assigned to a placebo group or a DZ group and participated in 6 SHA rotational sessions over a 2-week period. Analysis of drug-placebo differences in percent change from baseline was performed with a 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and phase frequencies at 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 Hz were significant (p < .05) for treatment group. No significant effect was observed for gain and phase frequency at 0.16 Hz--a finding that indicates selective effects on different central nervous system mechanisms. There was no statistical significance for time. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically, the DZ subjects' scores remained within the normal ranges for vestibulo-ocular phase and gain, suggesting that patients in whom drug cessation is problematic may not have to discontinue DZ before testing with the SHA rotational system.
Asunto(s)
Diazepam/farmacología , Tolerancia a Medicamentos/fisiología , Moduladores del GABA/farmacología , Reflejo Vestibuloocular/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Función Vestibular/normas , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Diazepam/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Método Doble Ciego , Moduladores del GABA/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Nistagmo Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios Prospectivos , Pruebas de Función Vestibular/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Benzodiazepines, particularly diazepam (DZ), are used in clinical practice to suppress acute vestibular symptoms. There have been limited studies looking at the effects of tolerance to DZ on parameters designed to measure the integrity of the vestibular system and its interaction with the oculomotor and balance systems. METHODS: In a double-blinded, repeated-measures design, we randomized 30 young healthy men into one of two treatment groups (diazepam and placebo) and assessed with electro-oculography the effects of clinical divided doses of DZ on saccadic eye movements and sedation over 16 days. RESULTS: Only sedation and saccadic latency were significant (p < .05) for treatment group, indicating selective effects on different central nervous system mechanisms. No significant effect for time was seen in any of the variables measured. Bonferroni t-test comparisons of the DZ group among 3 days were significant (p < .017) between baseline and day 3 for saccadic latency and accuracy and between day 3 and day 16 for self-ratings of sedation. CONCLUSIONS: Saccadic latency and accuracy and sedation ratings appear to be more sensitive to changes over time and less affected by subject variability than saccadic eye velocity. It remains questionable whether patients who have been on DZ for acute or extended periods of time need to discontinue the drug 48 hours before testing.