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Concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, luteinising hormone (LH), and prolactin were recorded from 9 gilts, following cycle blocking by means of Suisynchron(R)-Prämix and application of PMSG, HCG, and Suidor(R). A radio-immuno-assay which for its quality criteria enabled safe determination of the hormone in peripheral blood had been worked out specifically for prolactin appraisal. HCG application led to blockage of pre-ovulatory LH release in 7 of 9 animals. Possible causes are discussed. Prolactin concentrations during oestrus were differentiated and, for example, were characterised by strong oscillatory variations. With the experimental arrangement used, the boar pheromone Suidor(R) was not found to have any impact upon hormone profiles.

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Experimental studies were conducted into ovariectomized pregnant gilts to establish effects of exogenic hormone administration, with endogenic ovarian steroids excluded, upon uterus and fetus development as well as on hormone levels in blood plasma, endometrium, and allantoic fluid. Hormone concentrations in blood plasma were found to depend clearly on hormone doses applied after ovariectomy to preserve pregnancy. 2 to 3 weeks of smooth gravidity, following ovariectomy, were ensured on the 6th or 14th day after KB1 by daily application of very low doses of progesterone only (80 mg) or in combination with estrogens, the ratio being 480:1.

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Highly sensitive radio-immuno assay (RIA) was used for 21 days to study the curves of several steroid hormones, progesterone (P), oestradiol 17 beta (E2), and testosterone (T), as well as of luteinizing hormone (LH) in peripheral blood of six heifers to which oestrus had been induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha. The validity of the authors' RIA for P, E2, and T determination in blood plasma was positively verified by two reliability criteria, correctness and accuracy, as well as by comparative determinations, using reference methods. Only four of the six heifers returned to oestrus, within 21 days from first oestrus induction. A typical cycle-related curve of the P concentration in peripheral blood with peak values between the 13th and 17th days of cycle (15-26 nmol/l) was recorded from four animals. The peak values of pre-ovulatory E2 and LH were between 33.0 and 53.2 pmol/l or between 19.5 and 52.5 micrograms/l. Some of the T rises in peripheral blood were in parallel to E2 concentrations. All hormone curves are presented in detail and are discussed in relation to clinico-physiological findings.

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The steroid hormones oestradiol 17 beta, oestrone (E1), testosterone (T), and progesterone (P) were quantitatively determined in follicular fluids in the pre-oestric phase of pigs with spontaneous oestrus and synchronised ovulation. As a whole, mean steroid hormone concentrations exhibited characteristic curves in spite of a relatively wide scatter of individual values. Drastic decline in oestrogen concentration in pigs with spontaneous oestrus and synchronised ovulation was accompanied by rise of P levels, while T values stayed relatively constant. As compared to spontaneous oestrus, treatment for synchronised ovulation caused significantly higher increases in follicular T levels. Positive (P) or negative (E1, T) correlations were found to exist between follicle size and steroid hormone concentration. Conclusions are suggested for further studies.

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Studies were conducted into effects of various steroid hormone doses on uterus development and steroid levels in blood plasma and endometrium of ovariectomized cyclic gilts. Differences were found to exist between experimental and control animals with regard to uterus weight and length in the wake of ovariectomy and steroid treatment. Steroid concentrations in blood plasma exhibited discernible changes, depending on dosage. As to endometrial hormone concentrations, some dependence on applied progesterone doses was recordable only from oestrone sulphate levels.

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Tens gilts received 400 I.U. of Pregmagon on the 11th day of pregnancy (day of KB2 = 1 day of pregnancy), while 8 sows were used as controls. Blood was sampled 4 times a day between the 11th and 25th day of pregnancy, with an indwelling catheter being used. Progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta, and luteinising hormone were radio-immunologically determined. The hormone profiles of pregnant sows were found to differ unambiguously from those of non-pregnant animals for both concentrations and frequencies. They were indicative of close correlations and time links of gonadotrophic and steroid hormones in early pregnancy and in oestrus. PMSG treatment in pregnancy resulted in increase in the oestradiol-17 beta concentration and attenuation in pulsatile luteinising hormone release at the time of implantation. Progesterone concentrations in peripheral blood were not affected by PMSG injection.

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FSH, LH, PRL, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone were determined in 651 follicular fluids of 173 patients treated by ovarian stimulation for IVF. The stimulation was performed according to 5 different schemes: clomiphene/HCG, HMG (Pergonal)/HCG, HPG (Anthrogon)/HCG, clomiphene/HPG/HCG, Folistiman (heterologeous pituitary gonadotropin)/HCG. The mean levels of hormones of all follicles of each stimulation scheme were determined and differences between the groups were estimated by Student's t-test and the x-square-test. Additionally, in a hierarchy of follicles made depending on the follicular fluid volume the hormonal levels were compared between different rank numbers of one stimulation group and between different groups of stimulation. The maturation of oocytes judged by a maturation index and their ability for cleavage in culture after insemination was investigated in relation to the hormonal content of the follicular fluid. Stimulation by gonadotropins (Pergonal, Anthrogon, Folistiman) led to an decreased mean level of follicular steroids. This was related to an increased part of follicles poor in steroids after stimulation by gonadotropins. Within the follicular population follicles stimulated by clomiphene/HCG had a reduction of the levels of estradiol in higher rank numbers, but there were no clear evidences for such a reduction in the other stimulated groups. In all stimulation groups a significant reduction of progesterone levels was observed in higher rank numbers of follicles. Oocytes with a high maturation index mainly derived from follicles rich in progesterone. After insemination, development of oocytes in culture was compatible even with very high or low levels of hormones. There was no relation of the levels in FSH and LH to cumulus expansion and levels of estradiol of the follicular fluid. There was also no clear correlation between the levels of prolactin in follicular fluid and the cleavage rate.

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Knowledge of endocrine processes in pro-oestrus and oestrus in conjunction with physiological alterations is of greatest importance to biotechnological control of follicular maturation and ovulation. Methods of hormonal analysis and ovarian diagnosis were used to check on the effectiveness of Gn-RH vet. "Berlin-Chemie" for induction of the luteinising hormone (LH) peak and ovulation. Release in gilts of LH was found to depend on dosage, after 100, 300, and 900 micrograms Gn-RH had been administered at 3 p.m. on the 4th day after synchronisation of ovulation. LH release and induction of ovulation due to these variants were insufficient in some of the animals. Ovulation was then decisively improved in animals with LH peak by subsequent injection of 300 or 900 micrograms Gn-RH at 8 a.m. on the 5th day. Repetitive injections of 300 micrograms Gn-RH at 8 and 8.45 a.m. on the 5th day did not trigger off increased LH release from the pituitary gland. The Gn-RH effect was substantially improved by use of an absorption-retarding preparation (polystyrene sulphonic acid).

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Two groups of twelve gilts each kept on platforms were synchronised in two passes over 20 days, using 100 mg Suisynchron per animal and die followed by PMS treatment (1,000 I.U. Intergonan) and HCG treatment (250 I.U.). Complement fixation occurred five days after the first hormone application and was followed twelve to 15 days later by another phase of treatment, using Gravigonan (250 I.U. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 500 I.U. HCG, 1 mg oestradiol benzoate in 10 ml serum of swine). Blood samples were continuously drawn during the various phases of treatment and cycle from the above animals as well as from 20 gilts synchronised in the above way and from another 20 untreated gilts. Protein-fixed iodine and copper levels were assessed from those samples. The protein-fixed iodine and copper levels of the blood were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) by synchronisation, using Suisynchron. None of the two parameters was particularly affected by PMS and HCG treatments. Blood-borne protein-fixed iodine and copper was increased by administration of gonabione. Both parameters went up further during full oestrus at which date they were higher in untreated animals than in synchronised. (Protein-fixed iodine: 3.50/226micrograms/100 ml; P less than 0.01; copper: 0.283/0.234 mg/100 ml; P less than 0.01).

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Ketosteroids were determined colorimetrically in samples of 24-hour urine from sows, ten days after service. Pregnancy was diagnosed by injection of the "Gravignost-swine" preparation in eight sows. Significant differences between the 17-ketosteroid excretion on non-pregnant sows were revealed by the excretion in 24-hour urine, but not by urinary concentration expressed in mg per litre. Injection of "Gravignost" had no effect on 17-ketosteroid values. In pregnant sows the urinary concentration of 17-ketosteroids was inversely proportional to daily urine volume, and there was also a significant correlation between urine volume and 17-ketosteroid excretion expressed in mg per 24 hours. The method used for determining urinary ketosteroids was sufficiently reliable and simple to be used for routine testing.

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