RESUMEN
Live cells of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli can induce release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from INT407 cells. Additionally, membrane fractions of C. jejuni 81-176, but not membrane fractions of C. coli strains, can also induce release of IL-8. Membrane preparations from 81-176 mutants defective in any of the three membrane-associated protein subunits of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) were unable to induce IL-8. The presence of the three cdt genes on a shuttle plasmid in trans restored both CDT activity and the ability to release IL-8 to membrane fractions. However, CDT mutations did not affect the ability of 81-176 to induce IL-8 during adherence to or invasion of INT407 cells. When C. jejuni cdt genes were transferred on a shuttle plasmid into a C. coli strain lacking CDT, membrane preparations became positive in both CDT and IL-8 assays. Growth of C. jejuni in physiological levels of sodium deoxycholate released all three CDT proteins, as well as CDT activity and IL-8 activity, from membranes into supernatants. Antibodies against recombinant forms of each of the three CDT subunit proteins neutralized both CDT activity and the activity responsible for IL-8 release. The data suggest that C. jejuni can induce IL-8 release from INT407 cells by two independent mechanisms, one of which requires adherence and/or invasion and the second of which requires CDT.
Asunto(s)
Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidad , Campylobacter jejuni/patogenicidad , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Células Cultivadas , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Prueba de Complementación Genética , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaAsunto(s)
Financiación Gubernamental/economía , Asistencia Pública/economía , Bienestar Social/economía , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Financiación Gubernamental/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Asistencia Pública/estadística & datos numéricos , Bienestar Social/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The years from 1965 to 1976 were a period of great expansion in social welfare expenditures under public law. The entry of the Federal Government into the fields of health care and education was responsible for much of the growth in the first part of this period; high inflation produced increased spending in the later years. From 1977 to 1987, the rate of growth in social welfare spending slowed considerably. In fact, since 1983 the dominant characteristic of such expenditures has been their stability. Although the amount of money spent was higher in each year, little change occurred in the relative size or the apportionment of the funds. The 1987 expenditures continued this pattern. The total amount spent, $834.4 billion, represented an increase of 6.6 percent over the previous year. This amount equaled 18.8 percent of the gross national product. In constant dollar terms, the increase from 1986 to 1987 was 1.7 percent. The Federal Government provided 60-62 percent of all social welfare funding from 1980 to 1986. In 1987, this share fell slightly--to 59.9 percent. The programs for social insurance, public aid, veterans, and housing were primarily Federally funded, while education was largely a State and local responsibility. Governments at all levels spent 53.4 percent of their funds for social insurance purposes in 1987, slightly more than in 1986. However, the experience at different levels of government varied considerably. Federal spending increased 2 percent as a percent of all Federal expenditures, while State and local spending decreased about 1 percent.
Asunto(s)
Gastos de Capital/tendencias , Economía/tendencias , Administración Financiera/tendencias , Bienestar Social/tendencias , Gastos de Capital/legislación & jurisprudencia , Educación , Administración Financiera/economía , Administración Financiera/legislación & jurisprudencia , Financiación Gubernamental , Vivienda , Humanos , Bienestar Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In fiscal year 1979, social welfare expenditures under public programs amounted to $428.3 billion, an increase of 8.6 percent over the previous year. In constant 1979 dollars, however, 1979 expenditures decreased 0.2 percent from their 1978 level. Per capita social welfare spending also declined in "real" terms, falling 1 percentage point between 1978 and 1979. Social welfare expenditures as a proportion of the gross national product continued the declining trend that began in 1977. From a 1976 high of 20.4 percent, such expenditures fell to 18.5 percent in 1979.
Asunto(s)
Bienestar Social , Economía , Economía Médica , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In fiscal year 1978, social welfare expenditures under public laws reached $394.5 billion, a 9.1-percent increase over the previous year. When adjusted for price and population changes, the total was only 2.5 percent higher in "real" terms. Per capita real expenditures rose by 1 percent in 1978, compared with an increase of 2 percent in 1977. For the second successive year, social welfare expenditures declined as a proportion of the gross national product (GNP), falling from 20.4 percent in 1976 to 19.7 percent in 1977 and to 19.3 percent in 1978. With private social welfare expenditures included, total social welfare expenditures in 1978 rose to $548.9 billion, a figure that represented 26.9 percent of the GNP.