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This study aimed to compare fruits and vegetables (FV), and carbonated soft drink (CSD) consumption among adolescents from seventy-four countries, according to macroeconomic indicators. This is an ecological study, developed with countries evaluated through the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2003-2014) and the National School Health Survey (PeNSE-Brazil, 2015). The percentages of students in each country who consumed CSD and FV daily and their association with the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gross National Income per capita (GNIpc) were assessed. Scatter plots were constructed for each marker, and a multilevel model was tested to consider the effects of region in the associations. The overall prevalence of daily CSD consumption was 54·1 %. CSD consumption was positively associated with HDI and GNIpc through multilevel models, and Central and South America showed a considerable higher consumption compared with other regions. Overall, FV daily consumption was 67·9 % and 74·6 %, respectively, and no associations with macroeconomic indicators were found. The study shows concerning rates of CSD consumption among adolescents, and a trend of increased consumption with the improvement of the country's development and GNIpc. This points for the importance of public policies that regulate food and beverage industries to reduce CSD consumption and related co-morbidities among adolescents.

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INTRODUCTION: To systematically review the literature on mother-to-child transmission in breastfed infants whose mothers received antiretroviral therapy and support the process of updating the World Health Organization infant feeding guidelines in the context of HIV and ART. METHODS: We reviewed experimental and observational studies; exposure was maternal HIV antiretroviral therapy (and duration) and infant feeding modality; outcomes were overall and postnatal HIV transmission rates in the infant at 6, 9, 12 and 18 months. English literature from 2005 to 2015 was systematically searched in multiple electronic databases. Papers were analysed by narrative synthesis; data were pooled in random effects meta-analyses. Postnatal transmission was assessed from four to six weeks of life. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE. RESULTS: Eleven studies were identified, from 1439 citations and review of 72 abstracts. Heterogeneity in study methodology and pooled estimates was considerable. Overall pooled transmission rates at 6 months for breastfed infants with mothers on antiretroviral treatment (ART) was 3.54% (95% CI: 1.15-5.93%) and at 12 months 4.23% (95% CI: 2.97-5.49%). Postnatal transmission rates were 1.08 (95% CI: 0.32-1.85) at six and 2.93 (95% CI: 0.68-5.18) at 12 months. ART was mostly provided for PMTCT only and did not continue beyond six months postpartum. No study provided data on mixed feeding and transmission risk. CONCLUSION: There is evidence of substantially reduced postnatal HIV transmission risk under the cover of maternal ART. However, transmission risk increased once PMTCT ART stopped at six months, which supports the current World Health Organization recommendations of life-long ART for all.

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OBJECTIVE: To provide estimates of HIV-free survival at 12-24 months in breastfed children by maternal ART (6 months or lifelong) to inform WHO HIV and Infant Feeding guidelines. METHODS: Eighteen studies published 2005-2015 were included in a systematic literature review (1295 papers identified, 156 abstracts screened, 55 full texts); papers were analysed by narrative synthesis and meta-analysis of HIV-free survival by maternal ART regimen in a random effects model. We also grouped studies by feeding modality. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE. RESULTS: The pooled estimates for 12-month HIV-free survival were 89.8% (95% confidence interval, CI: 86.5%, 93.2%) for infants of mothers on ART for 6 months post-natally (six studies) and 91.4% (95% CI 87.5%, 95.4%) for infants of mothers on lifelong ART (three studies). Eighteen-month HIV-free survival estimates were 89.0% (95% CI 83.9%, 94.2%) with 6 months ART (five studies) and 96.1% (95% CI 92.8%, 99.0%) with lifelong ART (three studies). Twenty-four-month HIV-free survival for infants whose mothers were on ART to 6 months post-natally (two studies) was 89.2% (95% CI 79.9%, 98.5%). Heterogeneity was considerable throughout. In four studies, HIV-free survival in breastfed infants ranged from 87% (95% CI 78%, 92%) to 96% (95% CI 91%, 98%) and in formula-fed infants from 67% (95% CI 35.5%, 87.9%) to 97.6% (95% CI 93.0%, 98.2%). CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of breastfeeding for infant survival and of ART in reducing the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission and support the WHO recommendation to initiate ART for life immediately after HIV diagnosis.

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The present study aimed to evaluate factors associated with overweight among adults living in urban areas, with the income of the census tract as a context variable. The survey assessed individuals from two health districts of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Excess weight was determined by body mass index > 25kg/m2. Multilevel logistic regression was used. The sample comprised 2,935 individuals aged 20 to 60 years. The prevalence of overweight was 52.3% (95%CI: 49.9-54.8), similar between men and women. Higher schooling proved to be protective against overweight in women and a risk for men. Living in census tracts with higher income was associated with excess weight only in males. Report of the consumption of diet soft drinks was positively associated with overweight in both sexes. The occurrence of this event seems to be influenced by different factors or to interrelate differently in men and women.

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The increasing prevalence of overweight in young people suggests that adolescent nutritional status is influenced by environmental factors. Using hierarchical modelling, this study aimed to analyse the association between individual, household and neighborhood factors and adolescent nutritional status and well-being. The study used data from a population-based household survey conducted in Belo Horizonte, the capital of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. Data was obtained from an adult and adolescent in each household using a confidential questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Adolescent nutritional status was evaluated using multinomial regression analysis considering distal and proximal influences. The prevalence of overweight and thinness among the sample of 1,030 adolescents was 21.9% and 4.6%, respectively. Although variables from all blocks remained in the final model, head of household education level, family habits and family nutritional status were shown to strongly influence adolescent nutritional status. New approaches to public health are needed which focus on raising awareness and promoting health education targeting teenagers and their social context.

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Abstract The increasing prevalence of overweight in young people suggests that adolescent nutritional status is influenced by environmental factors. Using hierarchical modelling, this study aimed to analyse the association between individual, household and neighborhood factors and adolescent nutritional status and well-being. The study used data from a population-based household survey conducted in Belo Horizonte, the capital of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. Data was obtained from an adult and adolescent in each household using a confidential questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Adolescent nutritional status was evaluated using multinomial regression analysis considering distal and proximal influences. The prevalence of overweight and thinness among the sample of 1,030 adolescents was 21.9% and 4.6%, respectively. Although variables from all blocks remained in the final model, head of household education level, family habits and family nutritional status were shown to strongly influence adolescent nutritional status. New approaches to public health are needed which focus on raising awareness and promoting health education targeting teenagers and their social context.

Resumo A crescente prevalência do excesso de peso em idades jovens sugere influência do ambiente no estado nutricional. O estudo objetivou verificar, de forma hierarquizada, fatores individuais, domiciliares e de vizinhança que estão associados ao estado nutricional do adolescente por meio de inquérito de base populacional realizado em dois distritos sanitários de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2008 e 2009. Coletaram- se dados de adultos e adolescentes com uso de questionário e avaliação antropométrica. O estado nutricional do adolescente foi avaliado considerando influências distais e proximais mediante análise de regressão multinomial. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi 21,9% e de magreza 4,6%, entre 1.030 adolescentes. No modelo final, permaneceram variáveis de todos os níveis, sendo que a escolaridade da família, hábitos domiciliares e o estado nutricional no domicilio pareceram influenciar fortemente o estado nutricional do adolescente. Novas abordagens da saúde pública devem ser voltadas para a conscientização da família e educação, atingindo o adolescente e seu vínculo social.

Resumen El aumento de la prevalencia de sobrepeso en edades tempranas sugiere que el medioambiente influye en el estado nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar de manera jerárquica los factores individuales, familiares y de vecindario, relacionados con el estado nutricional de adolescentes y su bienestar. Es un estudio basado en la población que se realizó en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2008-2009. Se recogieron datos de adultos y adolescentes mediante un cuestionario y mediciones antropométricas. El estado nutricional de los adolescentes se evaluó considerando la influencia distal y proximal, usando la regresión multinomial. La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de un 21,9% y un 4,6% la de delgadez entre 1.030 adolescentes. Las variables de todos los niveles se mantuvieron en el modelo final, pero la educación, la zona de residencia, así como los hábitos y el estado nutricional en el hogar parecían influir fuertemente en el estado nutricional de los adolescentes. Los nuevos enfoques de la salud pública deben centrarse en la sensibilización de la familia, y la educación, teniendo como objetivo los adolescentes y sus vínculos sociales.

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Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate factors associated with overweight among adults living in urban areas, with the income of the census tract as a context variable. The survey assessed individuals from two health districts of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Excess weight was determined by body mass index > 25kg/m2. Multilevel logistic regression was used. The sample comprised 2,935 individuals aged 20 to 60 years. The prevalence of overweight was 52.3% (95%CI: 49.9-54.8), similar between men and women. Higher schooling proved to be protective against overweight in women and a risk for men. Living in census tracts with higher income was associated with excess weight only in males. Report of the consumption of diet soft drinks was positively associated with overweight in both sexes. The occurrence of this event seems to be influenced by different factors or to interrelate differently in men and women.

Resumen El presente estudio se propuso evaluar los factores asociados con el sobrepeso en los adultos que viven en zonas urbanas, utilizando los ingresos de la circunscripción censal como variable de contexto. La encuesta evaluó los individuos de dos distritos de salud de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. El exceso de peso se determinó mediante el índice de masa corporal > 25kg/m2. Se utilizó la regresión logística multinivel. La muestra está formada por 2.935 individuos de 20 a 60 años de edad. La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de un 52,3% (IC95%: 49,9-54,8), similar entre hombres y mujeres. Mientras que la escolarización ha demostrado tener un efecto protector contra el sobrepeso en las mujeres, en el caso sólo de los hombres, sí mostro riesgo asociado, pese a que vivieran en las circunscripciones censales con ingresos más altos. El consumo de refrescos dietéticos se asoció positivamente con el sobrepeso en ambos sexos. La ocurrencia de este evento parece estar influida por diferentes factores o se interrelacionan de manera diferente en hombres y mujeres.

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os fatores associados ao excesso de peso em adultos residentes em área urbana, considerando a renda do setor censitário como variável de contexto. O inquérito avaliou indivíduos de dois distritos sanitários de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O excesso de peso foi determinado pelo índice de massa corporal > 25kg/m2. Foi utilizada regressão logística multinível. A amostra foi constituída por 2.935 indivíduos de 20 a 60 anos. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 52,3% (IC95%: 49,9-54,8), semelhante entre homens e mulheres. Enquanto a alta escolaridade revelou-se protetora para o excesso de peso em mulheres e de risco para homens, residir em setor censitário com maiores níveis de renda associou-se apenas no sexo masculino. O relato do consumo de refrigerantes dietéticos foi associado positivamente ao excesso de peso em ambos os sexos. A ocorrência desse evento parece ser influenciada por fatores distintos ou se inter-relacionar de forma diferente, em homens e mulheres.

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Introdução: o excesso de peso tem incidido de forma alarmante entre adolescentes. Sua origem é complexa e multifatorial, influenciada pela genética e por fatores contextuais. Objetivo: avaliar fatores individuais relacionados ao excesso de peso em adolescentes em um grande centro urbano. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados provenientes do inquérito domiciliar de base populacional realizado em dois distritos de Belo Horizonte, entre 2008 e 2009. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário confidencial e autoaplicado e avaliação antropométrica. A amostra final foi composta de 1.030 adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos. Avaliou-se o excesso de peso segundo o índice de massa corporal e sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos e estilos de vida,satisfação corporal e autoavaliação de saúde. Foram realizadas análises descritivas dos dados, incluindo as distribuições de frequências e as diferenças entre as proporções e médias pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: entre os adolescentes, 21,9% apresentaram excesso de peso, sendo que a mais alta prevalência foi no sexo feminino(54,2%, p<0,05). Foram significantemente associadas ao excesso de peso: não ter hábito de fazer desjejum, insatisfação corporal e pior autoavaliação de seu estado de saúde. Os indivíduos do sexo masculino eram mais ativos comparados aos do sexo feminino, porém sem diferença estatística entre classificações do estado nutricional. Conclusão: este estudo reforça a importância da característica multifatorial do excesso de peso em adolescentes e de se investir em ações preventivas da obesidade nessa faixa etária.

Introduction: Weight excess rates have had an alarming growth among adolescents. Of complex and multifactor origins, weight excess is influenced by genetic and contextual factors. Objective: To assess individual factors related to weight excess among adolescents in a largeurban center. Methods: A cross-sectional study with data from a population-based household survey conducted in two districts of Belo Horizonte, between 2008 and 2009. Data were collected through confidential self-administered questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. The final sample consisted of 1,030 adolescents aged 11-17 years. We evaluated excess weight, as defined by body mass index, and its association with sociodemographic variables, habits and lifestyles, body satisfaction and self-rated health. Descriptive analysis of the data, including frequency distributions and differences between proportions and means with the Pearson chi-square test were conducted. Results: 21.9% of adolescents were overweight, with a higher prevalence among females (54.2%, p <0.05). The following aspects were significantly associated with weight excess: not eating breakfast, body dissatisfaction and worse self-rated health status. Males were more active compared to females, however without significant differences innutritional status classifications. Conclusion: This study reinforces the multifactor aspects of excess weight in adolescents and the importance of investing in preventive measures of obesity in this age group.

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