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Environmental sustainability is an imperative topic in contemporary business-related research, aiming to understand and predict how individuals' environmentally friendly behaviors can be encouraged. This research aims to empirically examine the relationship between individuals' pro-environmental attitude and pro-environmental behavior; and to compare two groups of individuals that encompass emotional and cognitive links to environmental sustainability: emotionally involved sport fans and socially conscious university students. Two studies, involving more than 1400 respondents, were conducted. Study 1 uses structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the relationship between consumers' environmental attitudes and environmental behaviors. Study 2 uses SEM multigroup analysis to compare the attitudes and behaviors of sport fans and university students. The results showed that participants' pro-environmental attitude had a positive and significant effect on pro-environmental behavior. The type of consumer plays an important role in strengthening the relationship between pro-environmental attitude and pro-environmental behavior. Despite the higher average levels of pro-environmental attitude and pro-environment behavior evidenced by the sport fans, the influence of attitude on behavior is higher on socially conscious students, the group with a more cognitive and intrinsic link with the natural environment and sustainability initiatives. Despite the positive link attitudes-behaviors, empirical insights suggest that the connection between sport fans and the club is vital to reinforce the commitment with a stronger match between attitudes and behaviors. The findings also have implications for practitioners and policymakers in optimizing their strategies to encourage effective pro-environmental actions.

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Introduction: We analyzed the importance of fan identity and brand strength on fans' neural reactions to different team-related stimuli. Methods: A total of 53 fMRI scans with fans of two professional sport teams were conducted. Following up on a previous study we focused on the differences between fandom levels as well as the contrast between two team "brand" strength. Neural responses were compared among individuals based on their levels of fan identity. In sum, group comparisons between relatively high and lower identity and between weak and strong teams were made based on the notion that the latter reflects team brand strength (strong brand and weak brand). Results: Findings indicate that brain activity in emotion regulation, memory, and cognitive control circuits is influenced by the relative level of fan identity. Discussion: Higher-level identified fans showed increased reactivity to positive stimuli and the under-recruitment of their cognitive appraisal circuits, suggesting more vulnerability to marketers' messages. The strength of the team brand activates different neural mechanisms. Interestingly, the posterior cingulate showed larger recruitment both for weaker brands and lower fan identification, suggesting that visual memory processes are more active in these cases. Neurally processed content depends on the relative brand's strength, highlighting the importance of brand-focused communications.

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The study of child camps has grown over the last years. Still, the common use of different terminology and the dispersion of the information in literature regarding camps management, makes it difficult to clarify research and hinder the improvement of managerial practices. This study aims to synthetise existent knowledge in child camps' management, identify inconsistencies and gaps in the literature, and set directions for future research and practice on child camps. A structured review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1950-2021 was conducted. Results indicate that half of the studies used the term "summer camp"; but other ten different terms were also used. Five different management areas were identified: safety, consumer behaviour, human resources, event planning and camp research. Gaps were also identified in the literature. These findings are important to set new research avenues and to improve practice. (AU)

O estudo dos campos de férias para crianças aumentou nos últimos anos. Todavia, a utilização de diferentes termos e a dispersão da informação na literatura acerca da gestão destes eventos dificulta o esclarecimento das diretrizes de pesquisa, por um lado, e dificulta a melhoria das práticas de gestão, por outro. Este estudo visa sintetizar o conhecimento existente na gestão destes eventos, identificar inconsistências e lacunas na literatura, e definir direções para futuras pesquisas e práticas. Foi realizada uma revisão estruturada de estudos publicados entre 1950-2021. Metade dos estudos utilizou o termo "campos de verão"; mas também foram utilizados outros dez termos diferentes. Foram identificadas cinco áreas de gestão: segurança, comportamento do consumidor, recursos humanos, organização de eventos e pesquisa em campos de férias. Foram ainda identificadas lacunas na literatura. Estes resultados são importantes para definir novos caminhos de pesquisa e melhorar a gestão destes eventos. (AU)

El estudio de los campamentos de verano para niños se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Pero, el uso de términos diferentes, y la dispersión de información en la literatura, sobre la gestión de estos eventos, dificulta la clarificación de las directrices de investigación, e impide que los gestores mejoren sus prácticas. Este estudio buscó sintetizar el conocimiento existente en la gestión de estos eventos, identificar inconsistencias y lagunas en la literatura y definir direcciones para futuras investigaciones y prácticas. Se realizó una revisión estructurada de estudios publicados entre 1950-2021. La mitad de los estudios utilizaron "campamento de verano"; pero también se utilizaron otros diez términos diferentes. Se identificaron cinco áreas de gestión: seguridad, comportamiento del consumidor, recursos humanos, organización de eventos y investigación en campamentos de verano. También se identificaron lagunas en la literatura. Estos resultados son importantes para definir nuevos caminos de investigación y mejorar la gestión de estos eventos. (AU)

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Previous literature has shown that social identity influences consumer decision-making towards branded products. However, its influence on ones' own sensory perception of an ingroup (or outgroup) associated brand's product (i.e. sponsor) is seldom documented and little understood. Here, we investigate the impact of social identity (i.e. team identification) with a football team on the sensorial experience and willingness to buy a beverage, said to be sponsoring the ingroup or the outgroup team. Ninety subjects participated in one of three sensorial experience conditions (matched identity: ingroup beverage; mismatched identity: outgroup beverage; control: no group preference). Each participant tasted the new sponsoring beverage and answered a questionnaire about their subjective sensorial experience of the beverage. EEG and BVP were synchronously collected throughout. Analyses revealed that team identification does not influence subjective responses and only slightly modulates physiological signals. All participants reported high valence and arousal values while physiological signals consistently translated negative affects across groups, which showed that participants reported to be happy/excited about trying the beverage while their physiological signals showed that they were feeling sad/depressed/angry. Crucially, despite a similar sensorial experience, and similar socially desirable report of the subjective experience, only participants in the matched identity group demonstrate higher willingness to buy, showing that the level of team identification, but not taste or beverage quality, influences willingness to buy the said sponsor's product.

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Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e revisar criticamente a literatura acerca do valor da marca das equipes esportivas profissionais na ótica do consumidor. Utilizou-se de uma revisão integrativa, com buscas entre outubro e novembro de 2019 por artigos empíricos e conceituais publicados até setembro de 2019, nas seguintes bases de dados: SCOPUS, Web of Science, Academic Search Ultimate e Business Source Ultimate. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, uma busca paralela nas principais revistas da área da gestão e marketing do esporte e o processo de cross-manual reference, 16 artigos foram incluídos na revisão. Observou-se uma predominância de publicações na Europa, no futebol, inicialmente com uma abordagem qualitativa, transitando nas últimas publicações para uma análise quantitativa. Várias dimensões são utilizadas para a análise da temática e sua importância é justificada pelo impacto na lealdade dos fãs, no sucesso econômico e esportivo das equipes.

Abstract The present study aimed to describe and critically review literature about the brand equity of professional sports teams from consumers' perspective. An integrative review was used, with searches conducted between October and November 2019 for empirical and conceptual articles published until September 2019, in the following databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, Academic Search Ultimate, and Business Source Ultimate. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a parallel search in the main sports management and marketing journals, and the cross-manual reference process, 16 articles were included in the review. Publications in the European context and in football prevailed, initially with a qualitative approach moving from the latest publications to quantitative analysis. Several dimensions are used to analyze the theme, and its importance is justified by the impact on fans' loyalty and on teams' economic and sporting success.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y revisar críticamente la literatura sobre el valor de la marca de los equipos deportivos profesionales desde la perspectiva del consumidor. Se utilizó una revisión integrativa, buscando, entre octubre y noviembre de 2019, artículos empíricos y conceptuales publicados hasta septiembre de 2019 en las siguientes bases de datos: SCOPUS, Web of Science, Academic Search Ultimate y Business Source Ultimate. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y de realizar una búsqueda paralela en las principales revistas del área de gestión deportiva y marketing del deporte y del proceso de cross-manual reference, se incluyeron 16 artículos en la revisión. Se observó una predominancia de publicaciones en Europa, en el fútbol, inicialmente con un enfoque cualitativo, pasando, en las últimas publicaciones, al análisis cuantitativo. Se utilizan varias dimensiones para analizar la temática y su importancia se justifica por el impacto en la lealtad de los aficionados y en el éxito económico y deportivo de los equipos.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between motivation, engagement and personal and social responsibility among athletes. Based on the literature, a survey was conducted including measures of motivation, considering task orientation and ego orientation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. We also measured the components of engagement (dedication, confidence, vigor and enthusiasm) and the components of personal and social responsibility. A total of 517 athletes from different types of sports participated in the study. The results gathered through a structural equation model revealed that task orientation had the strongest relationship with personal responsibility and social responsibility, followed by engagement. Self-determination levels were not associated with personal and social responsibility. These results suggest that monitoring of task orientation and engagement levels should be performed by coaches as a strategy to develop personal and social responsibility among their athletes. Moreover, findings from this study provide scholars with a tool to aid them in managing athletes' levels of personal and social responsibility.

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Abstract This study tests Ajzen’s1 Theory of Planned Behavior in sport sciences with the purpose of determining which variables most influence students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Although this theory has been employed to explain entrepreneurial intentions within different contexts, the context of sport sciences has not been addressed. A sample of 379 sport sciences students were administered the Entrepreneurial Intentions Questionnaire and results were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that both perceived attitudes and perceived behavior control have significant positive impacts on entrepreneurial intentions, while the impact of subjective norms is negative. Several suggestions to improve curriculum design and teaching in order to promote entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors are provided.(AU)

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The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for understanding the antecedents and components of athlete brand. Based on a set of 21 interviews conducted in three different countries, a detailed framework is proposed including five antecedents and two components of athlete brand. The antecedents are media (social media, mass media, video games and major sport events), oral communications (word of mouth, and rumors and narratives), impression management, social agents (parents, family members, friends and community), and teams and sport (sport interest, team interest and team geographical location). In turn, the components of athlete brand are related with on-field attributes (behavior, team, achievements, style of play and skills) and off-field attributes (physical attraction, lifestyle, personal appeal, ethnicity and entertainment). Complementarily, these components of athlete brand are proposed to have an impact on fans' loyalty towards the athlete. Implications of these findings for building and managing athlete brand are discussed, and directions for future studies are provided

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Background/Objective: Quality of life (QOL) is actually helpful to organizations for guiding personalized support plans and enhance personal outcomes. However, there is a lack of consensus about the QOL construct in the field of intellectual disability (ID). This study aims (a) to analyze the first-order factor structure (i.e., eight domains) of the Portuguese version of the Personal Outcomes Scale (POS), and (b) to compare two alternative models of the higher factor structure of the QOL construct (i.e., Salamanca and Schalock). Method: Both aims were investigated by examining self-report and report-of-others measures. Data were collected from 1,264 adults with mild or moderate levels of ID and respective proxies. Results: Results from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed evidence of suitable psychometric properties of the QOL dimensions. Findings also highlighted that the first-order model was more robust than either of the two second-order models. Nevertheless, the Schalock structure was stronger than the Salamanca structure. Conclusions: Although further research is needed, the results reveal that the Portuguese POS may be a valid and reliable instrument to measure QOL of adults with ID. The implication of these results are discussed highlighting the scale as a useful tool to serve as the basis for planning and evaluating personalized supports (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: La calidad de vida (CV) es útil a las organizaciones, permitiendo mejorar los resultados personales. Sin embargo, hay una falta de consenso sobre la construcción de la CV en personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI). Este estudio tiene como objetivo (a) analizar los factores de primer orden de la versión portuguesa de la Personal Outcomes Scale (POS), y (b) comparar dos modelos alternativos de segundo orden (Salamanca y Schalock). Método: Estos dos objetivos fueron investigados a través de medidas del autoinforme y del informe de los otros. Los datos fueron recogidos de 1.264 personas con DI leve o moderada y sus respectivos cuidadores. Resultados: Los resultados de la análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) indicaron valores psicométricos apropiados de las dimensiones de la CV. Los resultados mostraron que el modelo de primer orden era más robusto que cualquier uno de los dos modelos de segundo orden. No obstante, la estructura de Schalock fue más fuerte que la estructura de Salamanca. Conclusiones: Aunque sea necesario más investigación, la POS portuguesa es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la CV de personas con DI. La implicación de esta escala se discute como una herramienta útil para servir como base para la planificación y evaluación de apoyos personalizados (AU)

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a percepção que os torcedores têm da qualidade da Copa do Mundo da FIFA Brasil 2014 varia consoante os locais onde o evento foi realizado. Foram recolhidos 3.042 questionários em cinco cidades-sede da Copa. Os resultados obtidos através de uma análise fatorial confirmatória indicaram boas qualidades psicométricas do modelo usado para medir a qualidade. Os testes MANOVA indicaram diferenças significativas na avaliação da qualidade do evento entre os participantes nas cinco cidades-sede. Os resultados foram discutidos, apontando-se as principais implicações na organização de eventos esportivos, bem como sugestões para futuras pesquisas.

The purpose of this study was to verify whether the perception of quality of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil varies depending on where the event was hosted. A total of 3,042 questionnaires were collected in five cities hosting the World Cup. Results from confirmatory factor analysis indicated good psychometric qualities of the model used to measure quality. Through MANOVA tests, significant differences in the event quality were observed among participants from five host cities. The results were discussed and managerial implications and suggestions for future studies were provided.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la percepción que tiene la afición sobre la calidad de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA Brasil 2014, varía de acuerdo a las ciudades donde el evento fue realizado. Se recogieron 3.042 cuestionarios en cinco ciudades sede. Los resultados obtenidos mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio indicaran buenas cualidades psicométricas del modelo utilizado para medir la calidad del evento. Los testes MANOVA indicaron diferencias significativas en la evaluación de la calidad del evento entre los participantes en las cinco ciudades. Los resultados han sido discutidos, señalando las principales implicaciones en la organización de eventos deportivos, así como sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Quality of life (QOL) is actually helpful to organizations for guiding personalized support plans and enhance personal outcomes. However, there is a lack of consensus about the QOL construct in the field of intellectual disability (ID). This study aims (a) to analyze the first-order factor structure (i.e., eight domains) of the Portuguese version of the Personal Outcomes Scale (POS), and (b) to compare two alternative models of the higher factor structure of the QOL construct (i.e., Salamanca and Schalock). METHOD: Both aims were investigated by examining self-report and report-of-others measures. Data were collected from 1,264 adults with mild or moderate levels of ID and respective proxies. RESULTS: Results from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed evidence of suitable psychometric properties of the QOL dimensions. Findings also highlighted that the first-order model was more robust than either of the two second-order models. Nevertheless, the Schalock structure was stronger than the Salamanca structure. CONCLUSIONS: Although further research is needed, the results reveal that the Portuguese POS may be a valid and reliable instrument to measure QOL of adults with ID. The implication of these results are discussed highlighting the scale as a useful tool to serve as the basis for planning and evaluating personalized supports.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: La calidad de vida (CV) es útil a las organizaciones, permitiendo mejorar los resultados personales. Sin embargo, hay una falta de consenso sobre la construcción de la CV en personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI). Este estudio tiene como objetivo (a) analizar los factores de primer orden de la versión portuguesa de la Personal Outcomes Scale (POS), y (b) comparar dos modelos alternativos de segundo orden (Salamanca y Schalock). MÉTODO: Estos dos objetivos fueron investigados a través de medidas del autoinforme y del informe de los otros. Los datos fueron recogidos de 1.264 personas con DI leve o moderada y sus respectivos cuidadores. RESULTADOS: Los resultados de la análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) indicaron valores psicométricos apropiados de las dimensiones de la CV. Los resultados mostraron que el modelo de primer orden era más robusto que cualquier uno de los dos modelos de segundo orden. No obstante, la estructura de Schalock fue más fuerte que la estructura de Salamanca. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque sea necesario más investigación, la POS portuguesa es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la CV de personas con DI. La implicación de esta escala se discute como una herramienta útil para servir como base para la planificación y evaluación de apoyos personalizados.

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The teaching personal-social responsibility (TPSR) model is a well-established approach for developing positive social behaviors. However, today's research community has diagnosed the need to gather greater empirical evidence regarding the consistency of the evaluation tool in measuring personal-social responsibility levels. Thus, this study was geared towards testing the validity and reliability of a two factor model of the Personal and Social Responsibility Questionnaire (PSRQ) among athletes. A questionnaire was administered to 517 athletes, distributed into two representative samples of different competitive levels, sports and regions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the PSRQ's factor structure. The scale showed good psychometric properties and the factor structure was stable in the two samples, providing evidence of cross validity. Implications and research directions of these results are discussed.

O modelo da responsabilidade pessoal e social (RPS) é uma abordagem bem estabelecida na literatura para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos positivos através do desporto. No entanto, a comunidade científica continua a afirmar a necessidade de avaliar com robustez a ferramenta de avaliação para medir os níveis de RPS. Assim, este estudo foi orientado para testar a validade e a confiabilidade de um modelo de dois fatores do Questionário da Responsabilidade Pessoal e Social (QRPS) em atletas. O questionário foi aplicado a 517 atletas, distribuídos em duas amostras representativas de diferentes níveis competitivos, desportos e regiões. Foram usadas análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias ​​ para análise das qualidades psicométricas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a escala tem boas propriedades psicométricas e a estrutura fatorial foi estável em duas amostras destintas, comprovando a validade cruzada. Implicações e direções destes resultados da investigação são discutidos.

El modelo de responsabilidad personal-social (PSR) es un enfoque bien establecido para el desarrollo de comportamientos sociales positivos. Sin embargo, la comunidad de investigación ha diagnosticado la necesidad de reunir mayor evidencia empírica sobre la consistencia de la herramienta de evaluación para medir los niveles de responsabilidad personal e social. Por lo tanto, este estudio se orientó a probar la validez y fiabilidad de un modelo de dos factores del Cuestionario de Responsabilidad Personal y Social (CRPS) entre los atletas. Se aplicó el cuestionario a 517 deportistas, distribuidos en dos muestras representativas de diferentes niveles competitivos, deportes y regiones. Se utilizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios para examinar la estructura factorial del QRPS. La escala mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial se mantuvo estable en dos muestras distintas, comprobando la validez transcultural. Se discuten las implicaciones y las líneas de investigación de estos resultados.

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Previous studies have suggested that consumption-related emotions are important to understand post-purchase reactions. This study examines the relationship between fitness consumers' emotions and overall satisfaction. After an initial step of free-thought listing and content validity, followed by a pre-test, a survey was conducted among consumers of five different fitness centers (n=786). The questionnaire included measures to assess positive and negative emotions, as well as overall satisfaction with the fitness center. The results gathered through a structural equation model provide evidence that negative emotion experienced by consumers impacts negatively overall satisfaction, while positive emotion have a positive effect on overall satisfaction. These findings suggest managerial implications, such as the need to collect consumers' perceptions of both tangible and intangible aspects of the services, listen costumers' opinions in a regular basis, and provide regular training to staff members, in order to identify the triggers of positive emotions and contribute to increased levels of overall satisfaction. Guidelines for future research within the fitness context are also suggested.

Estudos precedentes sugerem que as emoções relacionadas com o consumo são importantes para compreender as reações dos consumidores após a compra. Este estudo analisa a relação entre as emoções dos consumidores de fitness e satisfação global. Depois de uma etapa inicial de listagem de pensamento-livre e validade de conteúdo, seguido de um pré-teste, foi realizada uma pesquisa entre os consumidores de cinco centros de fitness diferentes (n = 786). O questionário incluiu medidas para avaliar as emoções positivas e negativas, bem como a satisfação global com o centro de fitness. Os resultados obtidos através de um modelo de equações estruturais forneceram evidências de que as emoções negativas vivenciadas pelos consumidores impactam negativamente a satisfação global, enquanto as emoções positivas têm um efeito positivo sobre a satisfação global. Estes resultados sugerem implicações para os gestores, tais como a necessidade de recolher informação sobre a perceção dos consumidores dos aspetos tangíveis e intangíveis dos serviços, ouvir regularmente as opiniões dos consumidores e facultar formação regular aos colaboradores. Isto permitirá identificar os aspetos que desencadeiam emoções positivas e contribuir para o aumento dos níveis de satisfação global. Orientações para futuras pesquisas no contexto de fitness também são sugeridas.

Investigaciones precedentes sugieren que las emociones racionadas con el consumo son importantes para comprender las reacciones de los consumidores después de la compra de un producto o servicio. En el presente trabajo se propone el análisis de la relación entre las emociones de los consumidores de fitness y su satisfacción global. Tras una etapa inicial de estructuración del pensamiento libre y validez de contenido acompañada de un teste previo, se realizó una investigación entre los consumidores de cinco centros fitness diferentes (n = 786). El cuestionario incluyó medidas para evaluar las emociones positivas y negativas, así como la satisfacción global con el centro de fitness. Los resultados obtenidos a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructuradas, providenciaron evidencias de que las emociones negativas experimentadas por los consumidores impactan negativamente sobre la satisfacción global, a la vez que las emociones positivas tienen un efecto positivo sobre la satisfacción global. Los mencionados resultados sugieren diversas implicaciones para los gestores, tales como la necesidad de recabar información sobre la percepción de los consumidores en lo referente a aspectos tangibles e intangibles de los servicios, monitorizar con regularidad las opiniones de los consumidores y facultar formación adecuada a sus colaboradores. A través de estas medidas pondrán identificarse los aspectos que desencadenan emociones positivas en los consumidores y contribuir para un aumento de los niveles de satisfacción global. Por último, también se sugieren orientaciones para líneas de investigación futuras.

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The goal of this study was to examine what experiences members have with fitness centers that influence their intentions for recommendation. After item generation and content validity, as well as a pilot test, a survey was conducted among members of five different clubs (n=1750). The questionnaire included measures of service quality attributes, accessibility, well-being in life, well-being in a club, and intentions to recommend a fitness center. Results using a structural equation model provide evidence that only service quality attributes and well-being in a club have positive effect on intentions of users to recommend it. Well-being in life has a negative effect on the intentions for recommendation, while accessibility shows no predictive effect. These findings suggest implications for the management of a club, such as the need to create a pleasant environment and to provide a personalized service directed towards the members' goals in order to improve well-being in a club and contribute to increase the intentions to recommend the fitness centers to others...

"Uma análise das intenções de usuários em recomedar serviços de centros de atividade fisica." O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar como as experiências de usuários de centros de atividade física interferem nas intenções em recomendar serviços. Depois de gerar itens e validar o conteúdo, aplicou-se um pré-teste, o questionário final foi aplicado a sócios de cinco clubes de fitness (n=1.750). O questionário incluiu atributos da qualidade do serviço, acessibilidade, bem-estar na vida, bem-estar no clube e intenção de recomendar. O modelo de equações estruturais mostrou que apenas os atributos da qualidade do serviço e bem-estar no clube têm um efeito positivo sobre as intenções de recomendar. O bem-estar na vida tem um efeito negativo sobre as intenções para recomendar, enquanto que a acessibilidade não mostra nenhum efeito preditivo. Estas conclusões sugerem a necessidade de criar um ambiente agradável nos clubes e de oferecer um serviço personalizado para os objetivos dos sócios, a fim de melhorar o bem-estar no clube e contribuir para a intenção de recomendar o ginásio...

"Un análisis a las intenciones de los socios para recomendar gimnasios." El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar los antecedentes de las intenciones de los socios para recomendar su gimnasio. Después de generar ítems y validar el contenido, se aplicó un pre-test, el cuestionario final fue aplicado a socios de cinco clubes de fitness (n=1.750). El cuestionario incluyó atributos de la cualidad del servicio, accesibilidad, bienestar en la vida, bienestar en el club e intención de recomendar. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que solo los atributos de la cualidad del servicio y bienestar en el club tiene un efecto positivo sobre las intenciones de recomendar. El bienestar en la vida tiene un efecto negativo sobre las intenciones para recomendar, mientras que la accesibilidad no muestra ningún efecto predictivo. Estas conclusiones sugieren la necesidad de crear un ambiente agradable en los clubes y de ofrecer un servicio personalizado para los objetivos de los socios, con el fin de mejorar el bienestar en el club y contribuir a la intención de recomendar el gimnasio...

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O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a influência das restrições na lealdade dos espectadores de futebol. Foi aplicado um questionário a adeptos do Sport Lisboa e Benfica e através de uma análise fatorial exploratória identificaram-se 11 fatores. Uma análise de regressão linear permitiu identificar que 4 influenciam significativamente a lealdade dos adeptos. Os resultados dos testes ANOVA identificaram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre restrições sentidas por sócios e não sócios, bem como entre espectadores com diferentes habilitações escolares. Quanto à lealdade, verificaram-se diferenças entre sócios e não sócios. As implicações dos resultados são discutidas e fornecem-se sugestões para futuras pesquisas.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of constraints on the soccer spectators' loyalty. An online survey was applied to Sport Lisboa e Benfica fans and through an exploratory factor analysis, 11 factors were identified. The results of a linear regression showed that 4 have significant influence in spectators' loyalty. The ANOVA results showed significant differences in the constraints felt by members and non-members, as well as among spectators with different academic degrees. As for loyalty, there are differences among members and non-members. Managerial implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de los constreñimientos en la lealtad de los espectadores del fútbol. Se ha aplicado un cuestionario a adeptos del Sport Lisboa e Benfica y a través de un análisis factorial exploratoria se identificaron 11 factores. Un análisis de regresión linear permitió identificar que 4 influencian significativamente la lealtad de los adeptos. Los resultados de ANOVA identificaron la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los constreñimientos sentidos por socios y non socios, bien como entre espectadores con diferentes habilitaciones escolares. Cuanto à la lealtad, se verificaron diferencias entre socios y non socios. Las implicaciones de los resultados son discutidas y se proveen sugestiones para futuras pesquisas.

RESUMEN

Sport psychology literature suggests that understanding engagement levels is pivotal to promote positive sporting experiences among athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire among Portuguese sport athletes. Two distinct samples of Portuguese athletes from different competitive levels were collected, and the results of a confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of the model to the data. A review of the psychometric properties indicated that all factors showed good composite reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. In addition, a multi-groups analysis showed the invariance of the model in two independent samples providing evidence of cross validity. Implications of these results for scholars and coaches are discussed and guidelines for future studies are suggested.

A literatura em psicologia de desporto sugere que a compreensão dos níveis de engajamento é primordial para promover experiências desportivas positivas entre os atletas. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as propriedades psicométricas do Athlete Engagement Questionnaire entre os desportistas portugueses. Duas amostras distintas de atletas portugueses com diferentes níveis de prática competitiva foram recolhidas e os resultados de uma análise fatorial confirmatória demostraram boa qualidade de ajustamento do modelo. A análise das qualidades psicométricas indicou que todos os fatores mostraram fiabilidade compósita, validade convergente e validade discriminante. Adicionalmente, uma análise multigrupos mostrou a invariância do modelo nas duas amostras independentes, indicando validade cruzada. As implicações destes resultados para treinadores e académicos foram discutidas, sendo também apontadas sugestões para futuros estudos.

La literatura en psicología del deporte sugiere que la comprensión de los niveles de compromiso en la actividad deportiva es importante para la promoción de entornos deportivos positivos entre los atletas. El objetivo del estudio consiste en verificar las propiedades psicométricas del Athlete Engagement Questionnaire entre los atletas portugueses. Trabajamos dos muestras distintas de los atletas portugueses con niveles competitivos diferentes, los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio han demostrado un buen ajuste del modelo a los datos. El análisis de las propiedades psicométricas ha indicado que todos los factores tienen una buena consistencia interna, así como buena validez convergente y validez discriminante. Además, el análisis multi-grupos muestra que el modelo es estable en dos muestras independientes, proporcionando evidencia de la validez cruzada. Las implicaciones de estos resultados para los académicos y entrenadores fueron discutidas, siendo igualmente planteadas propuestas para estudios futuros.

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RESUMEN

O objectivo deste estudo foi identificar as motivações dos espectadores de basquetebol e o seu perfil sociodemográfico. Recolheram-se 459 questionários em oito jogos dos play-offs 2008 da Liga de Clubes de Basquetebol em Portugal e através duma análise factorial identificou-se que o sentimento de pertença à equipa e cidade, escape, família, conhecimento do jogo, apreciar as habilidades técnicas dos jogadores, interesse nos jogadores e drama são os motivos mais importantes. Na análise sociodemográfica verificou-se uma grande variabilidade entre espectadores de acordo com a idade, género, habilitações literárias, agregado familiar, rendimentos, proximidade geográfica, número de acompanhantes e prática de basquetebol.

This study aimed to identify people's motives to attend basketball games and their socio-demographics characteristics. A total of 459 questionnaires were answered within eight play-off matches at the Liga de Clubes de Basquetebol 2008 championship and through a factor analysis it was possible to identify that belonging to city and team, escape, family, knowledge of the game, physical skills, interest in player and drama are the most important motives. The demographics analysis suggests diversity in spectators according to age, gender, education level, household, income, geographical proximity, companion and basketball experience.

El objeto de este estudio fue identificar las motivaciones de los espectadores de baloncesto y su perfil sociodemográfico. Se recogieron 459 cuestionarios en ocho partidos de los play-offs 2008 de la Liga de Clubs de Baloncesto en Portugal y a través de una análisis factorial se concluye que las motivaciones más importantes para acudir a las canchas son el sentimiento de pertenencia al equipo y a la ciudad, el escape, la familia, el conocimiento del juego, el disfrute de las habilidades técnicas de jugadores, el interés por los jugadores y el drama. En el análisis sociodemográfico, se comprueba una gran variabilidad entre el público en función de la edad, género, educación, la unidad familiar, las rentas, proximidad geográfica, número de acompañantes y práctica del baloncesto.