RESUMEN
Introduction: Pelvic floor trauma in the form of partial or complete avulsions of the levator ani muscle (LAM) affects 6-42% of women after vaginal birth and can cause tremendous long-term morbidity. Many studies assessed morphological pelvic floor trauma after childbirth but lacked to evaluate women's associated short-term complaints. A proper assessment of trauma and subjective complaints after birth could help to assess possible associations between them and their relevance to women's daily life. Therefore, we aimed to assess women's complaints within the first months after birth in association to their LAM trauma. Materials and Methods: Between 3/2017 and 4/2019, we prospectively evaluated vaginal births of 212 primiparous women with singletons in vertex presentation ≥ 36 + 0 gestational weeks for levator ani muscle (LAM) trauma by translabial ultrasound, for pelvic organ prolapse by clinical examination, and for urogynecological complaints using questionnaires 1-4 days (P1), 6-10 weeks (P2), and 6-9 months (P3) after birth. The questionnaires were self-designed but oriented to and modified from validated questionnaires. Women's complaints were evaluated for P1-P3 according to their LAM trauma state. Results: At P1, 67% of women showed an intact LAM, whereas 14.6% presented a hematoma, 6.6% a partial avulsion (PAV), and 11.8% a complete avulsion (CAV). At P2, 75.9% showed an intact LAM, 9.9% a PAV, and 14.2% a CAV. At P3, 72.9% of women with a LAM trauma in P1 and/or P2 were assessed with 21.6% being intact and 39.2% having a PAV and CAV, respectively. Obstetrical and baseline characteristics differed slightly between the groups. When comparing the time before and during pregnancy with the time after childbirth, birth itself affected women's complaints in all LAM state groups, but the presence of a LAM trauma, especially a CAV, had more negative effects. Conclusions: Vaginal birth changes the anatomical structure of the maternal birth canal and genital tract, and it alters women's perceptions and body function. In our study, LAM trauma did not change these effects tremendously within the first months. Therefore, other maternal, fetal, and obstetrical factors need consideration for the explanation of maternal complaints, in addition to long-term effects of trauma and dysfunction of the LAM and other birth canal structures.
Asunto(s)
Diafragma Pélvico , Prolapso de Órgano Pélvico , Femenino , Humanos , Parto , Diafragma Pélvico/diagnóstico por imagen , Diafragma Pélvico/lesiones , Prolapso de Órgano Pélvico/etiología , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , VaginaRESUMEN
An interlaboratory study describing the assignment of reference values to the extractable concentrations of metals in industrial sludge using NJDEP and USEPA methods is presented. Industrial waste containing high concentrations of alkali, alkaline earth, ferrous and transition metals was dried, size-reduced and homogenized. Multiple aliquots of this material were analyzed in two different government laboratories by several different combinations of extraction and analysis methodologies. Reference values for the acid-extractable concentrations of more than 15 metals were determined and will be included in the NIST Certificate of Analysis for SRM 2782, Industrial Sludge.
RESUMEN
The development of reference materials to verify the determination of metals in sludge is described. Effluents from domestic and industrial treatment facilities were dried, size-reduced and homogenized. Multiple aliquots of each material were analyzed in two different government laboratories to determine reference values for the acid-extractable concentrations of more than 15 metals. These acid-extractable concentrations are distinct from total metal values. Different sample preparation and instrumental methods, along with internal quality assurance protocols, were used to confirm the results. The data show good agreement for most metals in the domestic material. Reference values for the leachable concentrations of several toxic metals and major constituents will become part of the Certificate of Analysis for Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2781 issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Data for the candidate industrial sludge reference material are also presented and discussed.