RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of early, mid-onset, and late maturation, as assessed by timing of menarche, on height, height velocity, weight, body mass index, and sum of skinfolds in a group of white and black girls. STUDY DESIGN: The Growth and Health Study recruited 9- and 10-year-old girls from Richmond, California, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington, DC. There were 616 white and 539 black participants recruited at age 9 and 550 white and 674 black participants recruited at age 10. Participants were seen annually for 10 visits. Longitudinal regression models were used to test for differences in each growth measure by timing of menarche across all ages and to determine whether these differences change with age. RESULTS: Mean age at menarche among white participants was 12.7 years, and among black participants, 12.0 years. According to race-specific 20th and 80th percentiles, early maturers were tallest at early ages and shortest after adult stature had been attained. Peak height velocity and post-menarche increment in stature were greatest in early maturers and least in late maturers. Weight was greatest in early and least in late maturers, as was body mass index. Sum of skinfolds was also greatest in early and least in late maturers. There was no impact of timing of maturation on two common measures of regional fat distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Girls who matured early were shorter in early adulthood, despite having greater peak height velocity and post-menarchal increment in height. Throughout puberty, early maturers had greater ponderosity and adiposity, although there was no association with regional distribution of fat.
Asunto(s)
Crecimiento/fisiología , Pubertad/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Población Negra , Estatura/etnología , Estatura/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Pubertad/etnología , Análisis de Regresión , Población BlancaRESUMEN
In order to develop standards for upper lip hair in adolescent girls, 4693 observations in 856 black and white subjects were made over 9 years. Up to 2 years after menarche, 90% of girls had no upper lip hair. More than 2 years after menarche, 48.8% of black girls and 9.0% of white girls had small amounts of upper lip hair. This may be more significant in adolescent girls than in older women.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/genética , Cabello/fisiología , Hipertricosis/epidemiología , Hipertricosis/genética , Labio , Pubertad/fisiología , Población Blanca/genética , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Hipertricosis/clasificación , Ohio/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Valores de Referencia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationships of overweight and fat patterning with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in black and white boys. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of CVD risk factors by weight and central adiposity groups in black and white boys, aged 10 to 15 years. Mean adiposity, lipid, and blood pressure variables were compared between weight and central adiposity groups within race by using linear regression models. Observed clustering of risk factors within weight and adiposity groups was compared with the expected clustering under an assumption of no association. RESULTS: Within each racial group, overweight boys had greater skinfolds, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than non-overweight boys. Among overweight boys, greater central adiposity was associated with higher risk factor levels and increased clustering of risk factors. CONCLUSION: Overweight and central adiposity together profoundly affect CVD risk factor levels and risk factor clustering in black and white boys.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/patología , Negro o Afroamericano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/patología , Población Blanca , Adolescente , Presión Sanguínea , Peso Corporal , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Niño , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/etnología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Factores de Riesgo , Grosor de los Pliegues Cutáneos , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare pubertal maturation, sex steroid hormones, and lipoproteins and their interrelationships in male offspring of parents with premature coronary heart disease (cases) and a control group. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional comparison of cases and members of a control group 10 to 15 years of age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Offspring were recruited from patient lists of area physicians. Members of the control group were recruited from area schools. Body mass (kg/m2), serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, estradiol, and free testosterone were measured. RESULTS: Differences in age were not significant, but offspring were taller, heavier, and more mature. Offspring had higher total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Offspring had lower estradiol levels in early puberty but higher levels in late puberty. With family history and body mass in the regression models for lipid parameters, free testosterone was a significant explanatory factor for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein, and estradiol was a significant predictor for apolipoprotein B. The percent of the variance in the lipid parameters explained by testosterone and estradiol was small. CONCLUSION: Sex hormone concentrations appear to be modest but significant predictors of lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations in offspring and a control group in cross-sectional analysis. After controlling for pubertal maturation, hormone and lipid concentrations differed in offspring and the control group.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas/sangre , Enfermedad Coronaria/sangre , Estradiol/sangre , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Padres , Testosterona/sangre , Adolescente , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Medición de Riesgo , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine which factors in early pubertal girls might be predictive of later, severe facial acne. STUDY DESIGN: The study was a 5-year longitudinal cohort study, with yearly visits from 1987 through 1991, in a volunteer sample of 439 black and 432 white fourth- and fifth-grade girls with consent from their legal guardians. The subjects were recruited from public and parochial schools in Cincinnati, Ohio. The degree of facial acne was classified annually as mild, moderate, or severe. Blood samples were obtained at the first, third, and fifth years of the study. Using the acne status during the fifth year of the study as the outcome variable, we determined the contributions from the prior acne status and the serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone, free testosterone (FT), estradiol (E2), progesterone, and testosterone-estrogen binding globulin (TEBG) and compared the results at various ages and at times before and after menarche. RESULTS: No racial differences in acne or hormone levels were found. There was a progressive increase in the number of acne lesions with age and maturation. The girls exhibited many more comedonal than inflammatory acne lesions, regardless of age. The girls in whom severe acne developed by the fifth year of the study had significantly more comedones and inflammatory lesions than girls with mild or moderate acne, as early as age 10 years, approximately 2 h years before menarche, a time when their degree of acne was mild. Girls with mild comedonal acne had significantly later onset of menarche (12.5 compared with 12.2 years) than girls with severe comedonal acne. Girls in whom severe comedonal acne developed had significantly higher levels of serum DHEAS and, in a longitudinal analysis, somewhat higher levels of testosterone and FT in comparison with girls who had mild or moderate comedonal acne. Serum E2, testosterone/E2, progesterone, and TEBG values were no different in girls with severe compared with mild or moderate comedonal acne. CONCLUSIONS: The early development of comedonal acne may be one of the best predictors of later, more severe disease. The adrenal hormone DHEAS appears to play an important role in the initiation of acne. DHEAS, testosterone, and FT are associated with the perpetuation of severe comedonal acne. Early recognition of young girls at risk of having severe comedonal acne may enable the clinician to intervene and thus prevent unwanted sequelae.
Asunto(s)
Acné Vulgar/clasificación , Acné Vulgar/sangre , Edad de Inicio , Niño , Sulfato de Deshidroepiandrosterona/sangre , Femenino , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/sangre , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Pronóstico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Globulina de Unión a Hormona Sexual/análisisRESUMEN
To determine the earliest signs of pubertal maturation, we followed 515 boys, aged 10 to 15 years at intake, every 6 months for 3 years. Changes in age, height, weight, body mass index, and serum levels of sex steroid hormones were significantly related to pubertal stage (PS). The earliest clinical stage of pubertal maturation, designated PS2a, was represented by the absence of public hair and a testicular volume 3 cc or greater; 6 months later, further maturation had occurred in 82% of these boys. Inclusion of PS2a as the earliest stage of puberty may help allay concerns about boys with perceived delayed maturation, and may allow more precise definition of early puberty.
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Pubertad/fisiología , Globulina de Unión a Hormona Sexual/fisiología , Adolescente , Antropometría , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Deshidroepiandrosterona/sangre , Estradiol/sangre , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Pubertad Tardía , Testosterona/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between pubertal maturation and obesity in 9- and 10-year-old black and white girls. METHOD: Cross-sectional analysis of cohort baseline data. SUBJECTS: A cohort of 2379 girls recruited from selected schools in Richmond, Calif., and greater Cincinnati, Ohio, and from the membership rolls of a prepaid group practice in greater Washington, D.C. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of black girls had begun pubertal maturation compared with 33% of white girls. In prepubertal girls, racial differences in height, weight, body mass index (kilograms per square meter) and skin-fold thickness were not significant. Within each race, onset of pubertal maturation was associated with greater height, weight, body mass index, and skin-fold measurements. Within 9-year-old girls who had begun pubertal maturation but not reached menarche, black girls were taller and heavier than white girls. Among pubertal but premenarcheal 10-year-old subjects, black girls were taller and heavier and had greater body mass index and subscapular skin-fold values. After analyses were adjusted for pubertal maturation stage by means of pubic hair development, 10-year-old pubertal black girls remained taller and heavier, but racial differences in body mass index and the sum of skin-fold measurements ceased to be significant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the initiation of racial differences in obesity are related, at least temporally, to pubertal maturation.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Maduración Sexual , Población Blanca , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Pubertad/fisiologíaRESUMEN
As part of a 3-year longitudinal study of lipid and hormonal changes during puberty, 536 boys aged 10 to 15 years were prospectively followed every 6 months to assess development of gynecomastia. The overall prevalence of gynecomastia in the 377 with complete data was 48.5% (51% of white subjects and 46% of black subjects). In the majority of subjects, gynecomastia developed during mid-puberty. Gynecomastia was bilateral in 55% of subjects, on the left side in 19%, and on the right in 26%. Gynecomastia was documented for only one visit in the majority of subjects. When subjects were matched at the onset of gynecomastia for race, visit number, and pubertal rating, there were no significant differences between those with or without gynecomastia in serum estradiol level, testosterone level, estrogen/testosterone, ratio, or dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate level. However, free testosterone level, weight, and Quetelet index were all significantly lower, and the testosterone-estrogen binding globulin level was significantly greater, in those with gynecomastia. We conclude that approximately half of adolescent boys have transient gynecomastia, usually lasting less than 1 year; those with gynecomastia enter mid-puberty at an earlier age, have a lower Quetelet index, and have lower serum free testosterone levels.