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Background: The increasing accumulation of plastic waste is the most serious threat to the marine ecosystem. People who still have the habit of disposing of solid waste, especially plastic-type waste, in the marine environment have led to the discovery of microplastic content in various marine biota such as fish and shellfish. We aimed to assess the environmental health risks of microplastics due to consumption of marine life in the coastal area. Methods: We used an observational method with the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) design to analyze the health risks of humans consuming fish and shellfish containing microplastics. This research was conducted in the coastal area of Takalar Regency, Indonesia in 2022. The samples used consisted of human (n = 30) and marine biota (fish, n=20; shellfish, n=20) samples. The data were obtained from observations, physical measurements of biota, laboratory tests, polymer type identification by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and microscopy. Results: The average concentration of microplastics containing styrene compounds in shellfish was 2.01 mg/kg. The abundance of MPs in the fish and shellfish samples was 0.01 particles/g or 10 particles/kg in fish and 7 particles/individual in shellfish. The MPs were found in line, fragment, film, and pellet forms, with different size and color variations. The average MPs exposure risk level (RQ value) for both fish and shellfish was 0.02. Conclusion: All samples had RQ values < 1, which means that the microplastic-containing tofu shellfish were still safe for consumption by people living in the Takalar coastal area.

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BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is one of the main causes of mortality in children less than five years worldwide and in Makassar City. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar City. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study design was used in this research. A total of 210 children with consent from the parents were included in this study, which consisted of 70 children's cases, and the data of the control group were taken by the random sampling method. All related data such as immunization record, nutritional status, birth body weight, vitamin A intake in the last six-month record, and parents' education, occupation, and monthly income were registered as independent and control variables. Data analysis was performed by the Chi-square and logistic regression model with a P value of 0.005 and odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Incomplete diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B (DPT-HB-Hib) immunization at the age of 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months, which had adjusted OR (AOR = 9,680; P = 0,001) and malnutrition condition (weight for age) (AOR = 5,486; P < 0,005), were associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children less than five years, whereas incomplete measles-rubella (P = 0,770), low birth weight history (P = 0,403), lack of vitamin A intake (P = 0,720), parents' education (P = 0,163), and presence of smoker inside the household (P =) were not associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children less than five years (P > 0.005) in Makassar City. CONCLUSIONS: Incomplete DPT-HB-Hib immunization for three doses at the age of 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months and malnutrition were associated with pneumonia and the highest risk factors for developing pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar City, Indonesia.

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OBJECTIVE: This article identifies and explains the various research models related to HIV stigma. METHODS: This systematic review is done using the PRISMA 2015 guidelines. Source of this review uses 3 online journal databases which are Pubmed, Scinapse, Elsevier. Search criteria include articles published this past 10 years between 2010 and 2020. RESULT: 4146 articles were obtained and 9 articles which are suited with the inclusion criteria and were chosen in the literature review. It was discovered that stigmatization is a cultural construct and its experiences varies between countries and communities. Models which differentiate are interpersonal and intrapersonal process in handling the stigma. CONCLUSION: Stigmas are still an important issues because often times it became an obstacle in the effort to reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Therefore there needs to be a gold standard scenario in reducing HIV related stigma, one of them being cultural in source.

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OBJECTIVE: To find out if the breastfeeding father education model can increase exclusive breastfeeding in mothers to prevent the occurrence of postpartum blues. METHODS: This study uses literature review design, articles collected using search engines such as PubMed, Elsevier, Scinapse, Plos One, and Google Scholar. We identified journals based on the PRISMA 2015 Guidelines with a total of n=5690 and obtained the number of journals reviewed n=33. RESULTS: The father's support is believed to have influenced the mother's decision to start and maintain breastfeeding. Father education is proven to increase breastfeeding with a value of p (0.001)<0.05. In addition, support from husbands is also classified as sufficient (54%) in lowering anxiety levels in mothers with spearman's test results p=0.48 or <0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Providing an education model of breastfeeding father can increase the exclusive breastfeeding by the mother to prevent the occurrence of postpartum blues.

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OBJECTIVE: Based on data WHO in 2018, almost 802,200 cases of pneumonia occur in children. Indonesia data on Riskesdas in 2018, the increase in pneumonia with the prevalence of pneumonia based on the age group 1-4 years was 5.0. This study aims to obtain more information about biomarkers of the clinical assessment on patient cases and prevention management and then whether postpartum culture contributed to the increase in pneumonia. METHODS: The method used is a Literature review. Search for scientific articles collected through Scopus indexed journals through Science Direct, Pubmed, Elsevier, MDPI, WHO, Riskesdas, Google Scholar. RESULT: From the literature articles we read, it shows that the incidence of pneumonia increases from year to year and is the leading cause of death. So it needs prevention from use biomarkers as markers and examined the association of Grill Culture with pneumonia in children under five. CONCLUSION: The results of the biomarker examination are a marker of the case and prevention management will be carried out using existing cultural approaches.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aims to generate a clean water vulnerability model based on exogenous variables: accessibility, socio-economic, and population behavior to endogenous variables: occupancy density and water vulnerability to support the quality of public health in Spermonde island. METHODS: This research was conducted in three islands (Spermonde), namely Lae-Lae, Barang Caddi, and Lumu-Lumu. The research design is observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The 212 respondents were obtained using a simple random sampling method. A questionnaire was employed to interview respondents related to the level of environmental vulnerability. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: The study found some variables are not statistically significant associated with water vulnerability such as accessibility to occupancy density (P=0.095), socio-economic to occupancy density (P=0.991), accessibility to water vulnerability (P=0.383), socio-economic against water vulnerability (P=0.417), occupancy density for water vulnerability (P<0.01). In contrast, behavior to occupancy density (P=0.002), behavior towards water vulnerability (P=below 0.01) have a significant association. CONCLUSION: Community behavior and occupancy density are the main factors associated with the vulnerability of clean water on the small spermonde islands. Adaptation behavior with water vulnerability such as water storage and saving needs to be improved.

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Objective: This article identifies and explains the various research models related to HIV stigma. Methods: This systematic review is done using the PRISMA 2015 guidelines. Source of this review uses 3 online journal databases which are Pubmed, Scinapse, Elsevier. Search criteria include articles published this past 10 years between 2010 and 2020. Result: 4146 articles were obtained and 9 articles which are suited with the inclusion criteria and were chosen in the literature review. It was discovered that stigmatization is a cultural construct and its experiences varies between countries and communities. Models which differentiate are interpersonal and intrapersonal process in handling the stigma. Conclusion: Stigmas are still an important issues because often times it became an obstacle in the effort to reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Therefore there needs to be a gold standard scenario in reducing HIV related stigma, one of them being cultural in source. (AU)

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Objective: To find out if the breastfeeding father education model can increase exclusive breastfeeding in mothers to prevent the occurrence of postpartum blues. Methods: This study uses literature review design, articles collected using search engines such as PubMed, Elsevier, Scinapse, Plos One, and Google Scholar. We identified journals based on the PRISMA 2015 Guidelines with a total of n = 5690 and obtained the number of journals reviewed n = 33. Results: The father's support is believed to have influenced the mother's decision to start and maintain breastfeeding. Father education is proven to increase breastfeeding with a value of p (0.001) < 0.05. In addition, support from husbands is also classified as sufficient (54%) in lowering anxiety levels in mothers with spearman's test results p = 0.48 or <0.05. Conclusions: Providing an education model of breastfeeding father can increase the exclusive breastfeeding by the mother to prevent the occurrence of postpartum blues. (AU)

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Objective: Based on data WHO in 2018, almost 802,200 cases of pneumonia occur in children. Indonesia data on Riskesdas in 2018, the increase in pneumonia with the prevalence of pneumonia based on the age group 1–4 years was 5.0. This study aims to obtain more information about biomarkers of the clinical assessment on patient cases and prevention management and then whether postpartum culture contributed to the increase in pneumonia. Methods: The method used is a Literature review. Search for scientific articles collected through Scopus indexed journals through Science Direct, Pubmed, Elsevier, MDPI, WHO, Riskesdas, Google Scholar. Result: From the literature articles we read, it shows that the incidence of pneumonia increases from year to year and is the leading cause of death. So it needs prevention from use biomarkers as markers and examined the association of Grill Culture with pneumonia in children under five. Conclusion: The results of the biomarker examination are a marker of the case and prevention management will be carried out using existing cultural approaches. (AU)

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Objective: This study aims to generate a clean water vulnerability model based on exogenous variables: accessibility, socio-economic, and population behavior to endogenous variables: occupancy density and water vulnerability to support the quality of public health in Spermonde island. Methods: This research was conducted in three islands (Spermonde), namely Lae-Lae, Barang Caddi, and Lumu-Lumu. The research design is observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The 212 respondents were obtained using a simple random sampling method. A questionnaire was employed to interview respondents related to the level of environmental vulnerability. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The study found some variables are not statistically significant associated with water vulnerability such as accessibility to occupancy density (P = 0.095), socio-economic to occupancy density (P = 0.991), accessibility to water vulnerability (P = 0.383), socio-economic against water vulnerability (P = 0.417), occupancy density for water vulnerability (P < 0.01). In contrast, behavior to occupancy density (P = 0.002), behavior towards water vulnerability (P = below 0.01) have a significant association. Conclusion: Community behavior and occupancy density are the main factors associated with the vulnerability of clean water on the small spermonde islands. Adaptation behavior with water vulnerability such as water storage and saving needs to be improved. (AU)

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