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Among neurological complications associated with dengue, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has not been reported in pediatric population. We report a 10-year-old girl with severe dengue who developed PRES. The patient presented with hemorrhagic shock that required fluid resuscitation and inotropic support. She developed seizures with encephalopathy 2 days after recovering from the shock. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was negative for dengue (no white blood cells in CSF with negative polymerase chain reaction for dengue). Her clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings showed typical changes associated with posterior encephalopathy that reverted after resolution of hypertension. Repeat MRI after a month was normal. PRES should be considered as a possible differential diagnoses of dengue associated encephalopathy, especially in cases with normal CSF examination and characteristic MRI changes.

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A 6-year-old girl presented with rhabdomyolysis following a febrile illness. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Influenza B and enterovirus was positive. Her serum creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin levels were very high. She developed myoglobinuria with oliguria leading to acute kidney injury. Continuous renal replacement therapy along with Cytosorb filter resulted in good outcome.

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AIM: Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) contrast study is the preferred radiological investigation to diagnose malrotation of intestine. We aimed to review the role of UGI contrast in neonates (term and preterm) who were clinically suspected to have malrotation. METHODS: The study included a retrospective review of medical charts and radiology reports. RESULTS: A total of 164 newborn infants underwent UGI contrast study to rule out malrotation during the study period (2006-2015). Median gestational age at the time of presentation was 38 weeks (interquartile range: 35.5-39.6 weeks). Median age for clinical presentation was day 2 of life (interquartile range: 2-5 days). Out of the 164 contrast studies, 112 were normal, whereas 52 were reported to have malrotation. Of those 52 infants, 47 were confirmed to have malrotation on surgery (positive predictive value: 90). Of the 112 infants with normal UGI contrasts, nine infants underwent laparotomy for ongoing clinical symptoms out of which four infants were diagnosed to have malrotation on laparotomy. There were 22 infants born at gestational age <32 weeks, who underwent UGI contrast studies to rule out malrotation. Their clinical symptoms were similar to necrotising enterocolitis. Of 22 preterm contrast studies, six were reported to have malrotation; of these, five had surgically confirmed malrotation. No complications related to the contrast study were noted in both term and preterm infants. CONCLUSION: Current study reaffirms the role of UGI contrast study as the investigation of choice for diagnosis of malrotation, in both term and preterm infants. UGI contrast is safe and well tolerated even in preterm infants.

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BACKGROUND: It is difficult to differentiate between the potential adverse effects of general anesthesia (GA) on the developing brain and the role of associated co-morbidities and syndromes that can adversely affect neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates undergoing GA. Neonates with malrotation of the intestines without volvulus usually do not have co-morbidities or syndromes. In addition, majority of them recover very well after surgery and are discharged home within a few days. Neonates with malrotation are a clean cohort of babies to study the role of a single episode of GA on the developing brain. AIMS: The study aimed to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates undergoing GA for malrotation surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of neonates born at gestational age of ≥32weeks undergoing laparotomy for malrotation. OUTCOME MEASURES: Neurodevelopment in the study cohort at the age of one year. RESULTS: 33 eligible infants were identified from the departmental database. All 33 survived and were assessed using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) at one year. Mean general quotient (GQ) of the study population was 98 (SD 7.33) which was similar to the population norms (100.2, SD 12.8); p value 0.10. None of the infants developed cerebral palsy, tone abnormality, sensorineural deafness or blindness. There was no significant difference in the centiles at birth versus one year for weight and length (p values 0.454 and 0.178 respectively). Reassuringly, the head circumference centiles at one year showed a trend towards higher values (p value: 0.0735). CONCLUSION: One year developmental outcomes of neonates undergoing surgery under GA for malrotation were similar to population norms.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine whether Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) hospitalization results in adverse psychological effects and to identify the contributory factors. SETTING: Level III PICU of a tertiary center. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Consecutive patients 5 years or older admitted to PICU for at least 48 hours constituted the study population. Controls were age and sex matched children hospitalized in the pediatric wards for at least 48 hours. Severity of illness was assessed by the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score. Level of therapeutic intervention was determined by the Therapeutic Interventions Scoring System (TISS--76 score). Temperament Measurement Schedule was used to assess the premorbid temperament. Psychological assessment was performed using Impact of Event Scale (IES), Birleson Depression Scale and the Self-Esteem Scale. Follow-up evaluation was done one month after discharge. RESULTS: There were 30 children each in the study and control groups. They had comparable pre-morbid temperament as well as scores on the self-esteem and depression scales. Significantly higher proportion of patients in PICU had intrusive thoughts (43%) as compared to controls (6.7%). Development of intrusive thoughts correlated significantly with the degree of intervention. Demographic parameters, nature of the disease, duration of hospitalization and severity of illness did not correlate with the psychological outcome. One month after discharge, scores in both groups were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Children subjected to therapeutic interventions in the PICU develop transient psychological impairment manifested by experiencing intrusive thoughts that resolve within a month.

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Aero-digestive foreign bodies are a common occurrence in infants and children. The manifestations, hazards and consequences depend upon the location, nature of the foreign body and the time lapse. This communication reports a series of four cases with unusual course and consequences of aero-digestive foreign bodies. These were generalized tetanus, hypernatremia and metabolic acidosis with intra-cranial hemorrhage and severe pneumonia and empyema. Awareness of these consequences would help treating doctors to take appropriate steps in devising preventive and therapeutic strategies.

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