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Parkinson's disease (PD) affects about 8.5 million individuals worldwide. Oxidative and inflammatory cascades are implicated in the neurological sequels, that are mostly unresolved in PD treatments. However, proper nutrition offers one of the most effective and least costly ways to decrease the burden of many diseases and their associated risk factors. Moreover, prevention may be the best response to the progressive nature of PD, thus, the therapeutic novelty of honey and levodopa may be prospective. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective role of honey and levodopa against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced oxidative stress. Fifty-four adult male Swiss mice were divided into control and PD model groups of 27 mice. Each third of the control mice either received phosphate buffered saline, honey, or levodopa for 21 days. However, each third of the PD models was either pretreated with honey and levodopa or not pretreated. Behavioral studies and euthanasia were conducted 2 and 8 days after MPTP administration respectively. The result showed that there were significantly (P<0.05) higher motor activities in the PD models pretreated with the honey as well as levodopa. furthermore, the pretreatments protected the midbrain against the chromatolysis and astrogliosis induced by MPTP. The expression of antioxidant markers (glutathione [GSH] and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [Nrf2]) was also significantly upregulated in the pretreated PD models. It is thus concluded that honey and levodopa comparably protected the substantia nigra pars compacta neurons against oxidative stress by modulating the Nrf2 signaling molecule thereby increasing GSH level to prevent MPTP-induced oxidative stress.
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Background: Surgical androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to treat advanced prostate cancer can be achieved either by bilateral total orchidectomy (BTO) or bilateral subcapsular orchidectomy (BSCO). However, biochemical and clinical equivalence between BTO and BSCO among native Africans is undocumented. Objective: To compare the biochemical response (testosterone and prostate specific antigen) in patients who had BTO and BSCO for advanced prostate cancer. Methods: A randomized single- blind study of 64 consenting patients that underwent either BTO or BSCO. Pre- and post-operative PSA and testosterone assays were done serially at intervals and compared between each treatment group. Results: Each treatment group were similar with no statistically significant difference in terms of age (p= 0.449) or degree of tumor differentiation (p =0.714). Neither median testosterone (p= 0.515) nor the mean pre-operative PSA differ between the two groups (p = 0.482). Also, similar trends were noticed post operatively except at the 2nd month when a statistically significant difference was recorded (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The two techniques of orchidectomy were effective in accomplishing androgen deprivation. They produced similar biochemical (testosterone and PSA) response.
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Neoplasias de la Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Antagonistas de Andrógenos/uso terapéutico , Andrógenos/uso terapéutico , Orquiectomía , Resultado del Tratamiento , Antineoplásicos Hormonales/uso terapéutico , TestosteronaRESUMEN
Background: Available information remains limited on inter-pregnancy interval (IPI) and its effect on maternal health and pregnancy outcome. Objectives: To determine the effect of IPI on maternal serum ferritin, haematocrit and pregnancy outcome. Materials and methods: A prospective cohort study of 316 women categorized into WHO recommended IPI of ≥24 months (group I) and IPI <24 months i.e. short IPI (SIPI) as group II after matching for gestational age and social status. Serum ferritin and haematocrit levels were assayed in first and second trimesters; primary outcome measures were maternal serum ferritin, haematocrit and pregnancy outcome gestational age at delivery, birth and placental weights, APGAR scores and neonatal intensive admission). Participants were followed up until six-week post-delivery. Data analysis was with SPSS version 21.0; p<0.05 was significant. Results: Women in group I had higher mean serum ferritin (37.40±3.15 vs. 32.61±2.68; P<0.001), booking haematocrit (33.24±3.59 vs. 27.92±2.67; P<0.001) and mean birth weight (3100±310 vs. 2700±350; P<0.001). Antenatal hospital admission (P0.002), preterm delivery (P<0.001) and neonatal intensive care admission (P<0.001) were higher for group II. There was no maternal mortality; perinatal mortality was zero (group I) and 95/1000 livebirth (group II). Conclusion: Low serum ferritin, haematocrit and adverse neonatal outcomes were associated with SIPI.
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Resultado del Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Hematócrito , Estudios Prospectivos , Intervalo entre Nacimientos , Nigeria/epidemiología , Placenta , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , FerritinasRESUMEN
Background: Functional iron deficiency has been found to be a common cause of poor response to erythropoiesis stimulating agents in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objectives: Assess the functional iron status of patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study. The study subjects were chronic kidney disease patients with age and sex matched healthy controls. Full blood count, serum ferritin, soluble transferring receptor, C-reactive protein, serum iron and total iron binding capacity were measured in the patients and healthy controls.Data was analyzed with statistical package for the social sciences software version 22.0. And the level of statistical significance was set at p. value < 0.05. Results: The mean ± SD of the age of patient with CKD was 55.0 + 15.4 years, while that of controls was 52.7 + 13.6 years. The mean serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC and CRP were significantly higher in patients compared with controls (p<0.001, 0.023, <0.001 and 0.001) respectively. Functional iron deficiency was seen in 19.5% of patients with CKD. Conclusion: The predominant form of iron deficiency in our study was functional iron deficiency.
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Anemia Ferropénica , Deficiencias de Hierro , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Humanos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Hierro , Nigeria , Estudios Transversales , Hospitales de Enseñanza , FerritinasRESUMEN
Background: Functional iron deficiency has been found to be a common cause of poor response to erythropoiesis stimulating agents in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objectives: Assess the functional iron status of patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study. The study subjects were chronic kidney disease patients with age and sex matched healthy controls. Full blood count, serum ferritin, soluble transferring receptor, C-reactive protein, serum iron and total iron binding capacity were measured in the patients and healthy controls. Data was analyzed with statistical package for the social sciences software version 22.0. And the level of statistical significance was set at p. value < 0.05. Results: The mean ± SD of the age of patient with CKD was 55.0 + 15.4 years, while that of controls was 52.7 + 13.6 years. The mean serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC and CRP were significantly higher in patients compared with controls (p<0.001, 0.023, <0.001 and 0.001) respectively. Functional iron deficiency was seen in 19.5% of patients with CKD. Conclusion: The predominant form of iron deficiency in our study was functional iron deficiency
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Enfermedades Funcionales del Colon , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Deficiencias de Hierro , Anemia Aplásica , Pacientes , Hematínicos , NigeriaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing challenge in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. There is insufficient population-based data on CKD in Nigeria that is required to estimate its true burden, and to design prevention and management strategies. The study aims to determine the prevalence of CKD and its risk factors in Nigeria. METHODS: We studied 8 urban communities in Kwara State, North-Central zone of Nigeria. Blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, urinalysis, weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were obtained. Albuminuria and kidney length were measured by ultrasound while estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was derived from serum creatinine, using chronic disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Associations of risk factors with CKD were determined by multivariate logistic regression and expressed as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and fifty-three adults ≥18 years (44% males) with mean age of 44.3 ± 14.4 years, were screened. Mean kidney lengths were: right, 93.5 ± 7.0 cm and left, 93.4 ± 7.5 cm. The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 24%; diabetes 4%; obesity 8.7%; albuminuria of > 30 mg/L 7%; and dipstick proteinuria 13%. The age-adjusted prevalence of CKD by estimated GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 and/or Proteinuria was 12%. Diabetes (aOR 6.41, 95%CI = 3.50-11.73, P = 0.001), obesity (aOR 1.50, 95%CI = 1.10-2.05, P = 0.011), proteinuria (aOR 2.07, 95%CI = 1.05-4.08, P = 0.035); female sex (aOR 1.67, 95%CI = 1.47-1.89, P = 0.001); and age (aOR 1.89, 95%CI = 1.13-3.17, P = 0.015) were the identified predictors of CKD. CONCLUSIONS: CKD and its risk factors are prevalent among middle-aged urban populations in North-Central Nigeria. It is common among women, fueled by diabetes, ageing, obesity, and albuminuria. These data add to existing regional studies of burden of CKD that may serve as template for a national prevention framework for CKD in Nigeria. One of the limitations of the study is that the participants were voluntary community dwellers and as such not representative for the community. The sample may thus have been subjected to selection bias possibly resulting in overestimation of CKD risk factors.
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Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/epidemiología , Adulto , Albuminuria/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
We hypothesised that TG/HDL-C ratio and PAI-1 would be associated with high pulse pressure (PP) in young adults with sickle cell trait (SCT) and sickle cell disease (SCD). We compared the clinical, biochemical, and cardiometabolic parameters among individuals with normal genotype (HbAA; n = 60), SCT (HbAS; n = 60), and SCD (HbSS; n = 60), all in steady state. Using multivariate linear regression analysis, high PP was positively related to TG/HDL-C ratio in SCT (ß = 0.307; p = .014) and PAI-1 (ß = 0.499; p = .001) in SCD. The curve of receiver operating characteristic also showed that TG/HDL-C ratio and PAI-1 are efficient predictors of high PP in SCT carriers and SCD patients, respectively. This study suggests that increased levels of TG/HDL-C ratio and PAI-1 may be salient risk factors that would promote the development of arterial stiffness and other CVD in SCT carriers and SCD patients.
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Presión Sanguínea , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , Enfermedad de la Hemoglobina SC/diagnóstico , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/sangre , Rasgo Drepanocítico/diagnóstico , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Femenino , Hemoglobina A/metabolismo , Enfermedad de la Hemoglobina SC/sangre , Hemoglobina Falciforme/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Curva ROC , Rasgo Drepanocítico/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Serum creatinine levels are often used to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI), but may not necessarily accurately reflect changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study aimed to compare the prevalence of AKI in children with severe malaria using diagnostic criteria based on creatinine values in contrast to cystatin C. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed between June 2016 and May 2017 at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. A total of 170 children aged 0.5-14 years old with severe malaria were included. Serum cystatin C levels were determined using a particle-enhanced immunoturbidmetric assay method, while creatinine levels were measured using the Jaffe reaction. Renal function assessed using cystatin C-derived estimated GFR (eGFR) was compared to that measured using three sets of criteria based on creatinine values including the Kidney Disease: Improved Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria as well as an absolute creatinine cut-off value of >1.5 mg/dL. RESULTS: Mean serum cystatin C and creatinine levels were 1.77 ± 1.37 mg/L and 1.23 ± 1.80 mg/dL, respectively (P = 0.002). According to the KDIGO, WHO and absolute creatinine criteria, the frequency of AKI was 32.4%, 7.6% and 16.5%, respectively. In contrast, the incidence of AKI based on cystatin C-derived eGFR was 51.8%. Overall, the rate of detection of AKI was significantly higher using cystatin C compared to the KDIGO, WHO and absolute creatinine criteria (P = 0.003, <0.001 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Diagnostic criteria for AKI based on creatinine values may not indicate the actual burden of disease in children with severe malaria.
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Malaria , Lesión Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Biomarcadores , Niño , Preescolar , Creatinina , Estudios Transversales , Cistatina C , Humanos , Lactante , Malaria/complicaciones , Malaria/diagnóstico , Nigeria , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea constitutes a major global burden to morbidity and mortality in under-five children. Research has shown that micronutrient zinc plays a pivotal role in childhood diarrhea; however, there are contradictory reports of its therapeutic benefit across the various causative enteropathogens. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of viral etiology (rotavirus, adenovirus, and norovirus) and compare the serum zinc levels of children with acute diarrhea. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study in which 100 hospitalized children with acute diarrhea aged one-59 months and 100 controls were recruited. Viruses were investigated from stool specimens using the immunochromatographic technique, while serum zinc was determined through the colorimetric method. Data analysis was with SPSS 20 software package. RESULTS: The prevalence of viruses in the subjects was 62.0% with rotavirus isolated in 30 (30.0%) of the patients, while adenovirus and norovirus were detected in 21 (21.0%) and 11 (11.0%) patients, respectively. Rotavirus was the only virus detected in 2 (2.0%) of the controls. The mean serum zinc level of 65.3 ± 7.4 µg/dl in the subjects was significantly lower than 69.0 ± 6.5µg/dl in the controls (P < 0.001). The prevalence of zinc deficiency in the subjects (47.0%) was significantly higher than 32.0% in the controls (P = 0.030). The mean serum zinc levels differed significantly among the viruses isolated in the subjects (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Viruses contribute largely to etiology of acute diarrhea in Nigerian under-five children. Zinc deficiency was also highly prevalent in the study population. The serum zinc levels varied significantly across the different viruses isolated.
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BACKGROUND: Peripheral neuropathy contributes to morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the prevalence of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and their predictors among diabetic patients in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: : This was a cross-sectional study in which 175 consenting diabetic patients were recruited consecutively. We assessed DSP using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), and it was defined by MNSI symptom score ≥7 or physical examination score ≥2. CAN was assessed using five tests of cardiovascular autonomic function, and abnormalities in ≥2 tests defined CAN. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of DSP and CAN. RESULTS: The prevalence of DSP and CAN was 41.7% and 26.9%, respectively, while 19.4% had both. Hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 2.401; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.169-4.930, P = 0.017) and poor glycaemic control (OR: 2.957; 95% CI: 1.488-5.878, P = 0.002) independently predicted DSP. Hypertension (OR: 2.215; 95% CI: 1.023-4.414, P = 0.043) and serum creatinine (OR: 1.035; 95% CI: 1.014-1.056, P ≤ 0.001) were independent predictors of CAN. CONCLUSION: DSP and CAN are common among diabetic patients, and thus efforts should be made to prevent their occurrence by intensifying blood pressure and glucose control while regularly monitoring renal function.
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Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Neuropatías Diabéticas/complicaciones , Polineuropatías/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Estudios Transversales , Neuropatías Diabéticas/epidemiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Polineuropatías/complicaciones , Prevalencia , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has been implicated in renal dysfunction with hypophosphataemia. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated renal phosphate excretion during HAART use. METHOD: Newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals were treated with Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/Emtricitabine/Efavirenz (TDF/FTC/EFV), n=33; Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine (ZDV/3TC/NVP), n=53; and Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Efavirenz (ZDV/3TC/EFV), n=16. Creatinine and phosphate were assayed in blood and urine simultaneously at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), fractional phosphate excretion and reabsorption (FEPi % and TRP), and the ratio of tubular maximum reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) to GFR (TmP/GFR) were estimated. RESULTS: At baseline, eGFR showed moderate chronic kidney disease (mean: 35.50 ± 2.02, 33.14 ± 1.63, and 39.97±1.84 ml/min/1.73m2 in the 3 groups respectively); 54 (52.9%) patients had hyperphosphataemia (>1.4mmo/L); 43 (42.2%) had normophosphataemia (0.6-1.4mmol/L); 5 (4.9%) had hypophosphataemia (<0.6mmol/L). eGFR improved significantly from 1 month (≥60, 58.65 ± 1.11, and 51.76 ±1.59 ml/min/1.73m2; p=0.04, <0.001, 0.67 respectively), with a relapse at 9 months in TDFtreated subjects (50.10 ± 1.89 ml/min/1.73m2). TDF/FTC/EFV resulted in significantly greater reduction in plasma phosphate than ZDV/3TC/NVP (p=0.031), but not significantly different from ZDV/3TC/EFV (p=0.968). Similarly, ZDV/3TC/EFV resulted in significantly greater reduction in plasma phosphate than ZDV/3TC/NVP (p=0.036). FEP% progressively increased with HAART duration, more in TDF-treated and ZDV/3TC/EFV-treated groups than ZDV/3TC/NVP (p=0.014); TRP was elevated (>0.86), implying non-maximal phosphate reabsorption. TmP/GFR values were elevated, (>1.35mmol/l). CONCLUSION: HIV causes kidney dysfunction with reduced phosphate excretion resulting in hyperphosphataemia but HAART improves renal function. Prolonged use of TDF can cause renal toxicity with hypophosphataemia as fractional excretion progressively increased with duration of therapy unlike ZDV/3TC/NVP. The use of different third agents (either NVP or EFV) in zidovudine-based therapy results in significantly different plasma phosphate levels; ZDV/3TC/EFV, like TDF/FTC/EFV, resulted in significantly greater decline in plasma phosphate than ZDV/3TC/NVP. Thus, Evafirenz (EVF) may have similar or synergistic adverse effects with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).
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Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperfosfatemia/fisiopatología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/fisiopatología , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/efectos adversos , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/métodos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Femenino , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Humanos , Hiperfosfatemia/sangre , Hiperfosfatemia/etiología , Hiperfosfatemia/orina , Riñón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Estudios Prospectivos , Eliminación Renal/efectos de los fármacos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/sangre , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/etiología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/orina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute diarrhoea contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in under-five children globally with conflicting reports regarding the therapeutic benefit of zinc across the different causative pathogens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial aetiology of children with acute diarrhoea and compare their serum zinc levels. METHODS: One hundred children aged 2-59 months with acute diarrhoea and 100 apparently healthy matched controls were recruited in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. Stool specimens were investigated for bacterial pathogens using conventional culture techniques, while serum zinc levels were determined by colorimetric method. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated in 73 (73.0%) patients and 6 (6.0%) controls. Escherichia coli was isolated in 39 (39.0%) of the patients, while Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in 28 (28.0%), 4 (4.0%) and 2 (2.0%) patients, respectively.E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were detected in 4 (4.0%) and 2 (2.0%) controls, respectively. The mean serum zinc level of 65.3 ± 7.4 µg/dl in the patients was significantly lower than 69.0 ± 6.5 µg/dl in the controls (P < 0.001). Zinc deficiency (serum zinc levels < 65 µg/dl) was detected in 47 (47.0%) patients which was significantly higher than 32 (32.0%) controls (P = 0.030). The mean serum zinc levels significantly differed amongst the bacteria isolated in the patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial pathogens constitute a significant burden to aetiology of acute diarrhoea in under-five Nigerian children. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was high in the study population. The serum zinc levels also differed across the bacteria isolated.
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Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Diarrea/epidemiología , Zinc/sangre , Bacterias/clasificación , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Diarrea/sangre , Diarrea/microbiología , Humanos , Lactante , Nigeria/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Seminal fluid analysis (SFA) is the most important investigation of infertile males. It is however limited in revealing the aetiologies of the various spermatozoa abnormalities observed on microscopy. Increasing prevalence of male infertility and the challenges of diagnosis require biochemical investigations, such as assay of seminal malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of sperm peroxidation and to support SFA in investigation of infertile males. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the seminal level of biomarker of lipid peroxidation by measuring seminal MDA levels among infertile males in Ilorin. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and thirty infertile males served as patients and 50 fertile males as controls. Seminal MDA was assayed using ELISA method. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Normally distributed data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients who were mainly civil servants was 38.6 ± 6.6 years compared to 37.0 ± 5.8 years among controls. Seminal MDA was significantly higher among infertile males in this study (P < 0.05) indicating higher degree of lipid peroxidation in their semen. Seminal MDA concentrations were found to be significantly higher among infertile males with a history of alcohol consumption (P < 0.05), cigarette smoking (P < 0.001) and sexually transmitted infections (P < 0.001) when compared to control with similar history. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant lipid peroxidation of spermatozoa among infertile males with lifestyle playing a significant role. Evaluation of infertile males should include assessment of seminal MDA. Prophylactic administration of antioxidants to this group of patients may be beneficial.
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Hospitales de Enseñanza , Infertilidad Masculina/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido , Malondialdehído/análisis , Análisis de Semen/métodos , Espermatozoides/fisiología , Adulto , Biomarcadores , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Masculino , Nigeria , Semen/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The hypercoagulability of pregnancy is exaggerated in pre-eclamptic state because of endothelial activation with resultant production of some endothelial derived proteins that are said to be inhibitors of fibrinolysis. This study compares these proteins like tPA, PAI-1 and D-dimers in normal pregnant women and the pre-eclamptic women. METHODOLOGY: This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Eighty-five pre-eclamptic women were recruited as subjects and eighty five age, trimester and parity matched normotensive pregnant women as controls. Levels of PT, aPTT, tPA, PAI-1, D-dimer protein were determined in blood samples of subjects and controls. Urinalysis was performed with dipstick method on their urine samples. Data generated was analysed using the IBM®SPSS 20.0 (2011) soft ware packages and the level of significance was a p-value <0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 29.9±5.2 years. The median(25th-75th percentile) values of D-dimer, tPA, and PAI-1 of subjects were 730 (305.000-1560.000ng/ml), 0.11 (0.065-0,300ng/ml) and 3.65 (2.970-4,400ng/ml) respectively which were significantly higher than the corresponding values in the controls of 520 (24.000-1030.000ng/ml), 0.05 (0.040-0.090ng/ml and 2.650 (2.125-3.400ng/ml) respectively, p<0.05 each. CONCLUSION: The abnormal levels of PAI-1, D-dimer and tPA imply that they contribute to the exaggerated hypercoagulabilty state in pre-eclampsia thus, measuring their levels can help in the management of the condition.
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Productos de Degradación de Fibrina-Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/sangre , Preeclampsia/sangre , Complicaciones Cardiovasculares del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Productos de Degradación de Fibrina-Fibrinógeno/análisis , Fibrinólisis/fisiología , Fibrinolíticos , Humanos , Nigeria , Tiempo de Tromboplastina Parcial , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/metabolismo , Embarazo , Complicaciones Cardiovasculares del Embarazo/metabolismo , Tiempo de Protrombina , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. While the effect of cigarette smoking on conventional markers that account for <50% of CVD s has been well studied, there are only a few studies on the effect of cigarette smoking on novel cardiovascular (CV) risk markers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on the novel CV markers such as homocysteine (HCY), lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), and C-reactive protein (CRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty smokers, 12 ex-smokers, and 84 controls were recruited for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on their clinical history, daily cigarette consumption, and duration of smoking. The smokers were further grouped according to the amount of cigarette consumption: light (<5 sticks/day), moderate (6-10 sticks/day), and heavy (>10 sticks/day) and duration of smoking: short (5-10 years), medium (11-20 years), and long (>20 years). HCY was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and Lp(a) and CRP were determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: HCY, Lp(a), and CRP were significantly elevated in smokers when compared with control (P < 0.05) and they correlated with daily cigarette consumption and duration of smoking. Ex-smokers also exhibited a significant increase in HCY, Lp(a), and CRP level (P < 0.05) when compared with the control, but were significantly lower than the current smokers. CONCLUSION: There is a linear relationship between the intensity and duration of cigarette smoking and serum levels of all three novel risk CV markers. These findings suggest that these markers may be an important mechanism by which smoking promotes atherosclerosis.
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BACKGROUND: Post-transfusion hepatitis occurs even with stringent donor selection criteria and screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in HBsAg-negative blood donors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in which 200 HBsAg-negative blood donors were recruited. Screening for viral markers was done using both a rapid test kit and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-HBc IgM. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of anti-HBc IgM was done by "capture" enzyme immunoassay using DIA.PRO HBc IgM test kits. The other viral markers were investigated using one step cassette style HBV tests. SPSS version 16 was used for data analysis. A P-value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. RESULTS: There were 190 male (95%) and 10 female (5%) blood donors, with a mean age of 31.7 ± 7.9 years. The prevalence of anti-HBc IgM was 4%. The other viral markers (HBeAg, anti-HBeAg, anti-HBs and total anti-HBc) had a prevalence of 1.5%, 23%, 2.5%, and 32.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anti-HBc IgM in this study was high, and this supports the fact that screening blood donors for HBsAg alone is not sufficient to prevent transmission of HBV.
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Donantes de Sangre , Anticuerpos contra la Hepatitis B/sangre , Antígenos del Núcleo de la Hepatitis B/sangre , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/sangre , Hepatitis B/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/inmunología , Hepatitis B/virología , Antígenos del Núcleo de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Virus de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Estrogen-progestogen combined oral contraceptive (OC) use has been associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors, including glucose dysregulation, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and pro-inflammatory state. However, the effect of a high-salt diet on these risk factors during OC use is not yet investigated. We therefore hypothesized that a high-salt diet would increase cardiometabolic risk factors in female rats treated with a combination of OC steroids, levonorgestrel (L) and ethinylestradiol (EE), and that elevated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory markers are associated with the cardiometabolic effects. METHODS: Female Wistar rats were given (p.o.) vehicle, high-dose (1.0µg EE plus 5.0µgL) or low-dose (0.1µg EE plus 0.5µgL) OC with or without a high-salt diet (8%) daily for 8 weeks. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using the homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA). RESULTS: Results showed that OC treatment or high salt diet led to significant increases in insulin resistance, plasma insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), TC/HDL-cholesterol, uric acid levels, and decreased glucose tolerance. OC treatment but not a high-salt diet resulted in increased plasma C-reactive protein and TG/HDL-cholesterol. However, a high-salt diet did not aggravate the effects of OC treatment. CONCLUSION: The results from the present study indicate that glucose dysfunction and dyslipidemia induced by OC use, but not those induced by increased dietary salt are associated with elevated plasma C-reactive protein. Besides, increased dietary salt does not worsen abnormal cardiometabolic impact of OC use.
RESUMEN
Meyer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is a rare congenital abnormality occurring sporadically in females. It is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea. Affected persons usually appear normal on physical examination. This is a case of a 25-year-old woman who presented with primary amenorrhea and, subsequently, had diagnostic laparoscopy to confirm the diagnosis of Mullerian agenesis.
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BACKGROUND: Hypertension and diabetes are the two most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Nigerian population. Because of the lifelong nature of the two diseases and the attendant long treatment regimen required, assessing the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important outcome of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the pattern and predictive factors of HRQoL among patients with hypertension, diabetes and concomitant hypertension and diabetes using the 36-item short-form version 2. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1203 patients attending the outpatient clinics of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin; the patients were sampled using systematic random sampling methods. Patients were divided into those with hypertension, diabetes and both diseases. The predictors of physical and mental component summaries of HRQoL were analysed using Norm-based Scoring. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The patients with both diseases have lowest physical HRQoL (45.6), while the diabetic patients have the worst mental HRQoL (39.5). Negative predictors of physical HRQoL across the three groups were: drug regimen (hypertension P < 0.001, diabetes P < 0.001, both P = 0.005), CVD complication (hypertension P < 0.001, diabetes P = 0.025) and accompanying persons (P < 0.001). The positive predictors of physical HRQoL across the three groups were medication adherence (hypertension P < 0.001, diabetes P < 0.001 and both P = 0.002). Similarly, medication adherence was the positive predictor for mental HRQoL across the three groups of patients (hypertension P < 0.001, diabetes P = 0.001 and both P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provided evidence to show that HRQoL across the three categories of patients in Ilorin, Nigeria, is suboptimal. Drug regimen, medication adherence and support from accompanying persons were important predictive factors of HRQoL.
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Complicaciones de la Diabetes , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Calidad de Vida , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus , Humanos , NigeriaRESUMEN
This research sought to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of honey against lead (Pb)-induced neurotoxicity. Twenty four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control group that received 1 ml/kg distilled orally for 28 days; while groups II-IV received 0.2% lead in drinking water and 1 ml/kg of distilled water, 1 ml/kg of honey, 1.5 ml/kg of honey respectively for 28 days. Anxiety and exploratory activities were determined in the open field test. Memory function was determined using Morris water maze after which the animals were sacrificed. The brains were then excised, homogenized and Lipid peroxidation (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione -S- Transferase (GST) activities were determined in the brains. Results showed that lead exposure causes decrease in locomotor and exploratory activities; increase anxiety, memory impairment, lipid peroxidation and decrease antioxidant activities. However, co-administration of honey with lead inhibited neurotoxicity as indicated by the improvement in memory function as evidenced by decreased latency period and increased in time spent in target quadrant in honey-fed rats compared to the lead-exposed animals. Furthermore, honey increased locomotion, exploration and decreased anxiety in lead-exposed rats as indicated by the frequency of rearing, freezing duration and the number of line crossed by animals. Also administration of honey improves antioxidant activities as shown by increased brain SOD, GST and GSH activities compared to the lead-treated groups but no significant effect on MDA level. It can be concluded that honey has neuroprotective effects against lead-induced cognitive deficit probably by enhancing antioxidant activities.