RESUMEN

In this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha-1). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha-1) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha-1. Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha-1 ) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha-1). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In soil science, the allocation of soil samples to their respective origins holds paramount significance, as it serves as a crucial investigative tool. In recent times, with the increasing use of proximal sensing and advancements in machine-learning techniques, new approaches have accompanied these developments, enhancing the effectiveness of soil utilization in soil science. This study investigates soil classification based on four parent materials. For this purpose, a total of 59 soil samples were collected from 12 profiles and the vicinity of each profile at a depth of 0-30 cm. Surface soil samples were analyzed for elemental concentrations using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and soil spectra using a visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectrometer. Soil samples collected from soil profiles (12 soil samples) and surface (47 soil samples) were used to classify parent materials using machine learning-based algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Ensemble Subspace k-Near Neighbor (ESKNN), and Ensemble Bagged Trees (EBTs). Additionally, as a validation of the classification techniques, the dataset was subjected to five-fold cross-validation and independent sample set splitting (80% calibration and 20% validation). Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, F score, and G mean were used to evaluate prediction performance. Depending on the dataset and algorithm used, the classification success rates varied between 70% and 100%. Overall, the ESKNN (99%) produced better results than other classification methods. Additionally, Relief algorithms were employed to identify key variables for each dataset (ICP-OES: CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, and MnO; XRF: SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O, and MnO; Vis-NIR: 567, 571, 572, 573, and 574 nm). Subsequent soil reclassification using these reduced variables revealed reduced accuracies using Vis-NIR data, with ESKNN still yielding the best results.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The 'golden 72 hours' rule from the onset of symptoms still applies in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. This rule has been discussed with increasing experience in laparoscopic surgery in recent years. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the optimal symptom duration based on the surgeon's volume when deciding on early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  The patients were categorized into two groups: Group 1 (≤3 days) and Group 2 (>3 days) based on the symptom duration, and high-volume surgeons (performing >100 laparoscopic cholecystectomies in a year) and low-volume surgeons (performing <100 laparoscopic cholecystectomies in a year) based on the surgeon volume. All surgeons had received advanced training in laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in postoperative outcomes between groups, except for a few data (p>0.05). The operative time was longer in Group 2, the postoperative hospital stay was longer for low-volume surgeons than for high-volume surgeons after three days, and operative time was longer after three days than the first three days in low-volume surgeons (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be recommended for acute cholecystitis with symptom duration of more than three days, regardless of the surgeon volume, as long as they are competent in laparoscopic surgeries.

RESUMEN

Underground water resources are one of the most valuable vital resources for mankind. Groundwater is used as drinking water and for agricultural irrigation. However, in recent years, it has been exposed to dangerous pollution, mainly due to man-made reasons. The study area is located in the Upper Mesopotamian region, where dry agriculture has been practiced since ancient times, which has semi-arid characteristics and where important civilizations lived. In this direction, the changes in groundwater quality were investigated with seasonal, annual samples taken from selected wells in Mardin Kiziltepe Plain in Upper Mesopotamia region and representing the plain in general and were subjected to water quality classifications. Statistical analyses were carried out on EC and NO3- parameters, which are important in determining the quality of groundwater. The results obtained were interpreted, evaluated in terms of drinking and agricultural uses, and it was observed that there were no non-standard values. In addition, the study area will be opened for irrigation in the near future within the framework of GAP, the largest integrated irrigation project in Turkey. This study, which is the first scientific research to be carried out before intensive irrigation, will be the first memory that will provide a very important data set for the region and will be recorded. In addition, the results of the study will be the basis for the comparison of the research to be carried out after the transition to irrigated agriculture depending on the GAP and the pre-irrigation data.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain two or more benzene rings and are categorized as general environmentally harmful pollutants. PAHs occur because of various combustion and pyrolysis processes with different environmental and anthropogenic sources. The Kizilirmak River is one of the major important water sources used for drinking water and irrigation purposes in Turkey. There are important industrial facilities around the river and PAH pollution is important in terms of environmental health. This study was carried out to determine the residues of PAHs in water and sediment samples according to month and to identify the pollution sources. Thus, water and sediment samples were collected from five different stations in the Kirikkale basin of the Kizilirmak River every 15 days for a year. In this way, 120 water and 120 sediment samples were collected over a year and analyzed in terms of 16 priority PAHs according to the Environmental Protection Agency. The monthly average of the water and sediment samples was calculated. Analyses were carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography based on solid phase extraction. GC-MS was used for confirmation. Acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene were not found in the water samples. The total PAH levels in water and sediment were detected in the range of 0.04 to 1.545 µg/L and 43.15-386.115 µg/kg, respectively. PAHs found in water and sediment samples had pyrogenic and petrogenic origin and pollution changed significantly between autumn and winter. As a result, precautions should be taken in terms of preventing environmental pollution.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasonography (US) is the most commonly used radiological method in the diagnosis of gallbladder polyps (GBPs). Patients diagnosed with GBPs on US are operated on with risk factors that do not have a high level of evidence. Our aim in this study is to determine the sensitivity of US in diagnosis GBPs, to define risk factors for neoplastic (NP) polyps, and to develop the risk scoring system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2011 and July 2021, 173 patients who were found to have GBPs in the pathology specimens after cholecystectomy were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: nonneoplastic and NP groups. RESULTS: GBPs in patients who underwent abdominal US for any reason was 4.5%. The sensitivity of US in the diagnosis of GBPs was 56.6%. Comparison between groups, age ≥50, presence of symptoms, polyp size >12.5mm, single polyp, concomitant gallstones, and gallbladder wall thickness ≥4mm were statistically in the NP group. A risk scoring system was developed using these values. If the risk score was <4, 0.6% of GBPs was NP polyps. If the risk score was ≥4, 63.2% of GBPs were NP polyps. CONCLUSION: Our risk scoring system can prevent unnecessary choelcystectomy. Because the incidence of NP polyps in low-risk patients (risk score <4) is extremely rare.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Retraction of the left lobe of the liver is an important step in most bariatric surgical procedures. The left lobe of the liver may be enlarged, and laceration, hematoma, or necrosis may develop in the liver due to retraction. In this study, the results of use of the Nathanson retractor (NR) and PretzelFlex retractor (PFR) in the patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients who underwent LSG were divided into three groups based on the type of liver retraction device used. Group 1: NR was used fixed during the operation; Group 2: PF retractor was used; Group 3: NR were used only for fundus dissection and when necessary. All groups were evaluated in terms of demographic characteristics, liver function tests, and developing complications. RESULTS: The study was conducted with a total of 120 consecutive patients. Operation time in the second group was found to be significantly lower than the other two groups (p = 0.009; p = 0.001; p < 0.01). The duration of retractor use in the first group was significantly higher than the other two groups (p = 0.001; p = 0.001; p < 0.01). While aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values were found to be high in Group 1, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were found to be high in Groups 1 and 3. CONCLUSION: PFR has shorter operating and retraction times. It causes less measurable liver damage. Although the NR will be used, intermittent use causes less damage to the liver as in PFR.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: The most important cause affecting the thickness of the gastric wall other than the tumor is chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori (Hp), which is most frequently detected in the antrum. This study aims to investigate the effect of bismuth-based treatment (BBT) combined with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) on wall thicknesses measured in the postoperative gastric specimen and early postoperative complications in patients with Hp-positive pre-LSG endoscopic gastric biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients who underwent LSG procedure for morbid obesity were divided into three groups as follows: Hp-negative, Hp-positive without eradication treatment, and Hp-positive, and LSG was performed after eradication treatment. Macroscopic and microscopic gastric wall thickness measurements were made at a distance of 1 cm from the proximal surgical margin, from the middle part of the specimen, and 1 cm from the distal surgical margin in the gastric specimen and the results were compared. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients were included in the study, 44 patients in each group. Microscopically measured antrum mucosal thickness was found to be statistically significantly higher in group 2 compared to other groups (groups 1.15, 1.35, 1.16 mm, respectively, p = 0.000). There was no difference between the groups in terms of early complications such as bleeding, wound site infection, or leakage from the staple line within the first 28 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: This study found that LSG had no effect on early complications due to Hp positivity or eradication of Hp. KEY POINTS: • The presence of HP increases the wall thickness of the gastric antrum mucosa. • After HP eradication, stomach antrum wall thickness returns to normal. • HP eradication before LSG reduces the wall thickness of the gastric antrum mucosa. • It was determined that HP scanning and eradication before LSG had no effect on postoperative complications.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Irrigation is a key factor in plant production systems. However, excessive and inappropriate water and soil management systems can cause significant environmental problems. The GAP (the Southeastern Anatolia Project, SEAP) is a multisectoral integrated regional development project. It aims to improve the economical and social welfare of the region as best as possible. The two main objectives of the GAP project include irrigation and energy production. Irrigation was introduced to the Harran plain in 1995, and it led to significant changes in the land use patterns. The use of high-yielding crop varieties and chemical inputs (fertilizers and pesticide usage) resulted in important increases in plant production. Conversely, there was also an increase in land mismanagement. This included practices such as excessive irrigation, intensive soil tillage, insufficient carbon, and soil nutrient cycling. These mismanagement practices lead to soil degradation, which in turn causes increased salinity in soil and groundwater, sediment and nutrient transportation with runoffs, soil erosion, contamination of surfaces and subsurface water sources with nitrates and pesticides, and greenhouse gas emissions. In order to balance yield losses due to the decreasing soil quality, fertilizers and other chemicals were used extensively. This considerably contributed to the environmental problems. Additionally, increasing welfare and population propagated urbanization on arable lands, i.e., the construction of houses, factories, and other agricultural facilities. This further degraded the land and the environment. In conclusion, land irrigation led to production increases, but at the expense of degradation in the environment and soil quality. Moreover, land degradation occurred and further degraded the environment. It is extremely important to improve soil and water management in order to minimize these impacts. The forementioned problems could be solved by improving irrigation efficiencies, good soil and water management strategies, formation of modern well-managed irrigation districts, and educating farmers. Agricultural subsidy-based sanctions could enable these solutions. This study used archived data and evaluations of earlier studies to examine important agroenvironmental influences of introducing irrigation in the Harran plain.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study aimed to investigate whether hesperidin and chrysin antioxidants have protective effects on renal injury induced by colistin in rats. Renal lipid peroxidation, total glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities, serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) levels were determined. Injuries to the proximal and distal tubules were determined using histopathological and double immunohistochemistry examinations. The results showed that hesperidin and chrysin significantly decreased the levels of MDA and inflammatory parameters and significantly increased GSH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px levels against colistin-induced renal injury. The results also showed that cystatin C and calbindin D28K immunopositivities significantly increased through hesperidin and chrysin treatment. Hesperidin and chrysin alleviated the renal injury induced by colistin via anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, hesperidin and chrysin could attenuate colistin-induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Addition of hesperidin or chrysin to the treatment protocol of colistin treatment might benefit patient treatment in terms of the prevention of colistin-induced renal injury.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Emissions of soil CO2 under different management systems have a significant effect on the carbon balance in the atmosphere. Soil CO2 emissions were measured from an apricot orchard at two different locations: under the crown of trees (CO2-UC) and between tree rows (CO2-BR). For comparison, one other measurement was performed on bare soil (CO2-BS) located next to the orchard field. Analytical data were obtained weekly during 8 years from April 2008 to December 2016. Various environmental parameters such as air temperature, soil temperature at different depths, soil moisture, rainfall, and relative humidity were used for modeling and estimating the long-term seasonal variations in soil CO2 emissions using two different methods: generalized linear model (GLM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Before modeling, data were randomly split into two parts, one for calibration and the second for validation, with a varying number of samples in each part. Performances of the models were compared and evaluated using means absolute of estimations (MAE), square root of mean of prediction (RMSEP), and coefficient of determination (R2) values. CO2-UC, CO2-BR, and CO2-BS values ranged from 11 to 3985, from 9 to 2365, and from 8 to 1722 kg ha-1 week-1, respectively. Soil CO2 emissions were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with some environmental variables. The results showed that GLM and ANN models provided similar accuracies in modeling and estimating soil CO2 emissions, as the number of samples in the validation data set increased. The ANN was more advantageous than GLM models by providing a better fit between actual observations and predictions and lower RMSEP and MAE values. The results suggested that the success of environmental variables for estimations of CO2 emissions using the two methods was moderate.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Soil quality refers to the ability of soils to perform their functions well. The soils of the Harran Plain, Turkey, have been put into intensive crop production with the introduction of an irrigation scheme and become increasingly degraded due to unsustainable management and cropping systems that resulted in the loss of production potential. The goal of this study was to quantify the quality of common soil series in the Plain using soil quality indexes (SQI) and to compare SQIs of two long-term crop rotations, cotton and wheat-corn cultivation, and different soil types. Over 400 samples were collected at a 0- to 30-cm depth and analyzed for 31 soil variables. The best representative soil quality variables forming a minimum data set (MDS) were selected using principal component analysis (PCA), and soil quality scores were obtained using both linear and non-linear scoring functions. The MDS included three physical (hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and plant available water content), two biological (soil organic matter and catalase enzyme activity), and nine chemical soil quality indicators (CEC, pH, plant available Cu and Fe, exchangeable Na and K, soluble Ca, Mg, and Na). Because of the low level of SOM, soil qualities were overall low with indexes obtained using two scoring functions ranging from 38.0/100 to 48.7/100. Correlations between SQI obtained using two approaches (linear vs. non-linear; r > 0.61) and using two data sets (all data vs. MDS; r > 0.79) were high. Non-linear scoring functions were more sensitive to management impacts. ANOVA models testing the individual impacts of soil types and crop management on soil quality were statistically different (p < 0.01), but the models including interactions were not. Overall, the fields under cotton cultivation were generally associated with higher clay contents and had the lowest SQIs as a result of intensive cultivation.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Chlorpyrifos (CPF), insecticide widely used in agriculture, may cause poisonings in the case of humans. As a result, there is a large amount of treatment research underway to focus on the possibility of chlorpyrifos induced poisonings. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and intralipid (IL) on hepatotoxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in the case of rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The rats in this study were treated with CPF (10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), orally), CAPE (10 µmol/kg b.w., intraperitoneally), IL (18.6 ml/kg b.w., orally), CPF+CAPE, CPF+IL, and CPF+CAPE+IL. The plasma total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Liver histopathology and immunohistochemical staining were performed. RESULTS: Chlorpyrifos statistically significantly decreased the TAC levels in the rats' plasma and increased the apoptosis and the TOC and OSI levels. In the chlorpyrifos induced liver injury, CAPE and CAPE+IL significantly decreased the plasma OSI levels and the apoptosis, and significantly increased the plasma TAC levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that CAPE and CAPE+IL attenuate chlorpyrifos induced liver injuries by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Med Pr 2016;67(6):743-749.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of raffinose and hypotaurine on sperm parameters after the freeze-thawing of Merino ram sperm. Totally 40 ejaculates of five Merino ram were used in the study. Semen samples, which were diluted with a Tris-based extender containing 10mM raffinose, 5mM hypotaurine, 5mM raffinose +2.5mM hypotaurine (H+R) and no antioxidant (control), were cooled to 5 °C and frozen in 0.25 ml French straws and stored in liquid nitrogen. Frozen straws were then thawed individually at 37 °C for 25s in a water bath for evaluation. The addition of raffinose led to higher percentages of subjective and CASA motilities (47.5 ± 12.2%, 46.3 ± 13.6%) compared to controls (38.8 ± 13.8%, 30.5 ± 11.7%, P<0.05). For the CASA progressive motility, 5mM raffinose (20.12 ± 8.82%) had increasing effect in comparison to control (10 ± 7.94%, P<0.05) following the freeze-thawing process. Raffinose and hypotaurine led to higher viability (40.8 ± 4.68%, 40.8 ± 4.7%), high sperm mitochondrial activity (29.5 ± 5.4%, 27.3 ± 4.9%) and acrosome integrity (50.8 ± 8.1, 50.7 ± 4.4) percentages, compared to control groups (31.5 ± 3.5%, 9.5 ± 8.2%, 42.8 ± 7.3%, P<0.05). H+R group only led to high sperm mitochondrial activity when compared to control group. In the comet test, raffinose and hypotaurine resulted in lower sperm with damaged DNA (6.2% and 3.9%) than that of control (9.1%), reducing the DNA damage. For TUNEL assay, The TUNEL-positive cell was distinguished by distinct nuclear staining. Raffinose and H+R groups resulted in lower sperm with TUNEL-positive cell (1.5 ± 1.2% and 2.1 ± 0.9%) than that of control (4.9 ± 2.5%) (P<0.05). In conclusion, findings of this study showed that raffinose and hypotaurine supplementation in semen extenders provided a better protection of sperm parameters against cryopreservation injury, in comparison to the control groups.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The Harran Plain is located in the southeastern part of Turkey and has recently been developed for irrigation agriculture. It already faces soil salinity problems causing major yield losses. Management of the problem is hindered by the lack of information on the extent and geography of the salinization problem. A survey was carried out to delineate the spatial distribution of salt-affected areas by randomly selecting 140 locations that were sampled at two depths (0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm) and analyzed for soil salinity variables: soil electrical conductivity (EC), soluble cations (Ca(2+,) Mg(2+), Na(+), and K(+)), soluble anions (SO (4) (2-) , Cl(-)), exchangeable Na(+) (me 100 g(-1)) and exchangeable sodium percentage. Terrain attributes (slope, topographical wetness index) were extracted from the digital elevation model of the study area. Variogram analyses after log transformation and ordinary kriging (OK) were applied to map spatial patterns of soil salinity variables. Multivariate geostatistical methods-regression kriging (RK) and kriging with external drift (KED)-were used using elevation and soil electrical conductivity data as covariates. Performances of the three estimation methods (OK, RK, and KED) were compared using independent validation samples randomly selected from the main dataset. Soils were categorized into salinity classes using disjunctive kriging (DK) and ArcGIS, and classification accuracy was tested using the kappa statistic. Results showed that soil salinity variables all have skewed distribution and are poorly correlated with terrain indices but have strong correlations among each other. Up to 65 % improvement was obtained in the estimations of soil salinity variables using hybrid methods over OK with the best estimations obtained with RK using EC(0-30) as covariate. DK-ArcGIS successfully classified soil samples into different salinity groups with overall accuracy of 75 % and kappa of 0.55 (p < 0.001).

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study was conducted to determine the effects of methionine, inositol and carnitine on sperm (motility, abnormality, DNA integrity and in vivo fertility) and oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation, total glutathione and antioxidant potential levels) of bovine semen after the freeze-thawing process. Nine ejaculates, collected with the aid of an artificial vagina twice a week from each Simmental bovine, were included in the study. Each ejaculate, splitted into seven equal groups and diluted in Tris-based extender containing methionine (2.5 and 7.5 mM), carnitine (2.5 and 7.5 mM), inositol (2.5 and 7.5 mM) and no additive (control), was cooled to 5 °C and then frozen in 0.25 ml straws. Frozen straws were then thawed individually at 37 °C for 20s in a water bath for the evaluation. The extender supplemented with 7.5 mM doses of carnitine and inositol led to higher subjective motility percentages (61.9±1.3% and 51.3±1.6%) compared to the other groups. The addition of methionine and carnitine at doses of 2.5 and 7.5 mM and inositol at doses of 7.5mM provided a greater protective effect in the percentages of total abnormality in comparison to the control and inositol 2.5 mM (P < 0.001). As regards CASA motility, 7.5 mM carnitine (41.6±2.9% and 54.2±4.9%) and inositol (34.9±2.0% and 47.3±2.2%) caused insignificant increases in CASA and total motility in comparison to the other groups. All of the antioxidants at 2.5 and 7.5 mM resulted in lower sperm with damaged DNA than that of control, thus reducing the DNA damage (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in CASA progressive motility and sperm motion characteristics among the groups. In fertility results based on 59-day non-returns, no significant differences were observed in non-return rates among groups. As regards biochemical parameters, supplementation with antioxidants did not significantly affect LPO and total GSH levels in comparison to the control group (P > 0.05). The maintenance of AOP level in methionine 2.5 mM was demonstrated to be higher (5.06±0.38 mM) than that of control (0.96±0.29 mM) following the freeze-thawing (P < 0.001). Supplementation with these antioxidants prior to the cryopreservation process protected the DNA integrity against the cryodamage. Furthermore, future research should focus on the molecular mechanisms of the antioxidative effects of the antioxidants methionine, carnitine and inositol during cryopreservation.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Organophosphates (OP) are widely used chemicals in agriculture and industry. Some OPs produce a delayed type of neuropathy affecting human and animals following exposure. Subacute neurotoxic doses of some OPs can be potentiated by concomitant exposure to certain chemicals. Lasalocid is a polyether carboxylic ionophore used as a growth promotant and anti-coccidial in the cattle and poultry industries, respectively. Lasalocid is also known to induce peripheral neuropathy. Neurotoxicity of phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) and lasalocid and possible interaction were studied in chickens by evaluating motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), clinical ataxia, and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) enzyme activity. Forty-eight fryer chickens were divided into four groups as follows: Group 1 (control), group 2 was injected with single subcutaneous (s.c.) PSP (5 mg/kg), group 3 received oral lasalocid sodium (20 mg/kg, b.i.d., for 2 days), and group 4 received single s.c. PSP injection plus oral lasalocid sodium. MNCVs were decreased in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to control. While there was no difference in MNCV between groups 2 and 3 (p > 0.05), MNCV in group 4 were significantly lower than in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05). NTE activities were significantly lower in PSP and PSP+lasalocid groups than in control and lasalocid group (p < 0.05). Onset of ataxia in group 4 appeared early and was exacerbated compared to groups 2 and 3. In conclusion, PSP and lasalocid could induce a significant decrease in MNCV and produce ataxia. Neuropathic OPs could be exacerbated by polyether ionophore lasalocid.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Many factors related with drug and animals affect the plasma disposition of endectocides including ivermectin (IVM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the breed differences in pharmacokinetics of IVM in goats following subcutaneous administration. Two different goat breeds (Kilis and Damascus goats) were allocated into two treatment groups with respect to breed. The injectable formulation of IVM was administered subcutaneously at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight. Blood samples were collected before treatment and at various times between 1h and 40 days after treatment and the plasma samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection. The results indicated that the plasma disposition of IVM was substantially affected by breed differences following subcutaneous administration in goats. The last detectable plasma concentration (t(last)) of IVM was significantly later in Kilis goats (38.33 days) compared with Damascus goats (22.50 days). Although, there were no significant differences on C(max) (10.83 ng/ml vs. 10.15 ng/ml) and t(max) (2.75 days vs. 2.33 days) values; the area under the concentration-time curve-AUC (110.26 ng.d/ml vs. 73.38 ng.d/ml) the terminal half-life-t(1/2lambdaz) (5.65 days vs. 3.81 days) and the mean plasma residence time-MRT (9.31 days vs. 6.35 days) were significantly different in Kilis goats compared with Damascus goats, respectively. The breed-related difference observed on the plasma disposition of IVM between Kilis and Damascus goats could be attributable to different excretion pattern or specific anatomical and/or physiological characteristics such as body fat composition of each breed.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The effect of sex difference on the pharmacokinetic profiles of ivermectin (IVM) was investigated following pour-on administration in goats. A total of 12 (six males and six females) Kilis goats were allocated into two treatment groups with respect to sex. The pour-on formulation of IVM was administered topically (pour-on) at dose rate of 0.5mg/kg bodyweight. Blood samples were collected at various times between 1h and 40 days after treatment and the plasma samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection. Substantial sex-related differences on the plasma disposition of IVM were observed between males and female goats following pour-on administration. The last detectable plasma concentration of IVM was significantly later in males (16.17 days) compared with female animals (10.67 days). There were no significant differences on C(max), t(max) and the area under the concentration-time curve-AUC values between male and female groups, respectively. However the terminal half-life (t(1/2lambdaz)) and mean plasma residence time (MRT) in male goats (2.35 days and 4.78 days, respectively) were significantly longer compared with female animals (1.42 days and 3.55 days, respectively) and this suggesting that the excretion patterns of IVM in male and female animals are probably different each other.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of organophosphate (OP) insecticide chlorpyrifos on cardiac morphology and function in rabbits using echocardiography. Twenty New Zealand male rabbits were divided equally into four groups. Rabbits were exposed to chlorpyrifos in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 125, 250 or 375 ppm for 90 days. The comparison among the groups indicated that 375 ppm chlorpyrifos resulted in significant decrease (p<0.05) in heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), left ventricular fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), percentage thickening of left ventricle posterior wall (PWT), and significant increase (p<0.05) in left atrial diameter (LA), left ventricular internal diameter in end diastole (LVIDD), left ventricular end diastolic (EDV) and end systolic volumes (ESV) compared to those of the control group. These results showed that chlorpyrifos induces cardiac dysfunction in rabbits.

Asunto(s)