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BACKGROUND: Based on the integrative model of behavioral prediction, we examined predictors of heart disease information seeking. We also examined demographic and individual factors associated with seeking-related perceived norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. METHODS: Non-Hispanic White and Black participants, aged 45 and older, completed a cross sectional online survey (N = 383). Stepwise logistic and multiple linear regression models were tested to assess study hypotheses, as well as tests of indirect effects. RESULTS: Perceived norms, attitudes and perceived behavioral control were positively associated with heart disease information seeking, but when controlling for distal variables only the perceived norm-behavior association remained significant (p <.05). Indirect effects of distal variables (race, heart disease risk, perceived heart disease susceptibility and information engagement orientation) on information seeking were also detected via perceived norms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide support for the integrative model as a framework for predicting information seeking, but further highlight the important role of distal predictors and perceived norms on heart disease seeking intentions. When communicating to promote heart disease information acquisition, communicators should pay particular attention to promoting information seeking as a normative behavior, particularly among those who perceive a lower risk of heart disease and who may be less engaged with health information more generally.

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INTRODUCTION: Fifth metatarsal fractures are common and the outcome has been reported; however, prospective studies reporting the functional outcome using validated questionnaires are lacking in the literature. The aims of this study were to determine whether fifth metatarsal fractures remain symptomatic in the medium term and whether the fracture type influences outcome. METHODS: Over the course of a year, 117 patients (62 avulsion fractures, 26 Jones fractures, 29 shaft fractures) were followed up (1 month, 4 months, 12 months), with functional outcome assessed using the Foot Function Index (FFI)- and Short Form 36 (SF36)-validated questionnaires. RESULTS: The FFI reduced (function improved) over the course of the year from 22.0 (8.4-38.5) at 1 month to 0.0 (0.0-4.2) at 4 months, to 0.0 (0.0-1.3) at 1 year. There was no significant difference in the FFI scores with regard to gender or fracture type. Pain scores were also observed to decline over the year, with no significant differences between fracture types. However, while the severity of pain was low, the numbers of people reporting pain were relatively high. At 1 month, >80% of patients reported ongoing pain (83% avulsion, 88% Jones and 83% shaft), reducing to 38% at 4 months and 28% at 1 year. At final follow-up, 25% with an avulsion fracture, 28% with a Jones fracture and 33% with a shaft fracture reported pain. CONCLUSIONS: While 25-33% of patients continue to experience pain at 1 year, <10% experience any limitation of their activities. At the final follow-up at 1 year, there were no significant differences in functional outcome by fracture type, gender or patient age. Patients should be advised about the likelihood of ongoing low-level symptoms, even after a year from injury in this previously presumed innocuous injury.

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Shoulder replacement surgery is employed in the treatment of severe shoulder arthritis and following some proximal humeral fractures. Three different replacements are available: hemiarthroplasty (HAS), total shoulder replacement (TSR) and reverse shoulder replacement (RSR). HAS and TSR are indicated in patients with intact rotator cuffs and RSR for cuff deficient older patients. Outcomes are favourable, with the majority of patients having improvements in shoulder pain and function.

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We radiographically studied the efficacy of seven methods of cervical immobilization used in the prehospital setting. The methods were: Philadelphia collar, Hare extrication collar, rigid plastic collar, Philadelphia collar + short board, Hare extrication collar + short board, rigid plastic collar + short board, and the short board used alone. Ninety-seven normal volunteers were randomized to one of these seven methods and each volunteer served as his or her own control. Efficacy was expressed as per cent reduction of baseline movement in the sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes. The short-board technique appeared to be superior to all the three collars studied. The collars provided no augmentation of immobilization over that provided by the short board alone. We believe that the short-board technique described herein, which is commonly used in the prehospital setting, can be used as the standard of comparison against which newer prehospital devices can be objectively compared.

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