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OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of total laparoscopic hysterectomy and total abdominal hysterectomy in morbidly obese women with early stage endometrial cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on 140 morbidly obese women with body mass indices ≥35 kg/m(2) and presenting with clinical stage 1 endometrial cancer. The patients underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy (n=70) or total abdominal hysterectomy (n=70), bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and peritoneal washing. Age, parity, menopausal status, weight, height, medical problems, history of previous laparotomy, surgical procedure, operative time, estimated amount of blood loss, preoperative hematocrit, postoperative hematocrit, operative complications, conversion to laparotomy, need for intraoperative or postoperative blood transfusion, intraoperative and postoperative complications, secondary surgery, tumor stage, grade, histology, number of recovered lymph nodes, and visual pain scores of the patients were recorded. RESULTS: Postoperative complications were significantly higher in the laparotomy group. Hospital stay in the laparoscopy group was significantly lower than that in the laparotomy group. The visual pain scores were significantly higher in the laparotomy group on the first, second, and third postoperative days and on the day of discharge from the hospital. Resuming activity took a significantly longer time in the laparotomy group (34.70 days) than in the laparoscopic group (17.89 days). CONCLUSION: With the availability of skilled endoscopic surgeons, most obese women with early stage endometrial cancer can be safely managed by performing laparoscopy with an excellent surgical outcome, shorter hospitalization, less postoperative pain, and faster resumption of full activity.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the pregnancy outcome by combining plasma homocysteine with uterine artery Doppler velocimetry at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation. METHOD: A prospective cohort study with 103 healthy pregnant women. Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry was performed at between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Abnormal blood flow was defined as average pulsatility index >1.5 and presence of unilateral or bilateral diastolic notch. Doppler scores were calculated by a modified scoring method of uterine artery flow velocity waveforms. Serum for measurement of homocysteine, vitamin B(12) and folate levels were collected when the ultrasonographic measurement was performed. RESULTS: Pre-eclampsia developed in five, gestational hypertension in three, intrauterine growth restriction in two and preterm birth in eight patients. There was a significant difference between mean plasma homocysteine levels at different Doppler scores (p<0.001) and a weak positive correlation between Doppler scores and occurrence of pregnancy complications (r(s) = 0.232, p<0.05). Mean homocysteine level increased with increasing Doppler scores. Any uterine artery abnormality had a sensitivity of 88.9% in predicting obstetric complications. Addition of hyperhomocytenemia to Doppler scores did not change the sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Maternal serum homocysteine level is increased in 11 to 14 weeks of gestation that is complicated with pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth. Addition of homocysteine determination to uterine artery Doppler in the first trimester does not add any advantage in predicting adverse perinatal outcome.

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OBJECTIVE: Frozen section is an important diagnostic tool to determine the nature of the ovarian masses intraoperatively. The optimal surgical treatment can be achieved by classifying the masses as benign, borderline and malignant. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the accuracy of frozen section diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms and to determine the effects of Gynecologic (Gyn) pathologist or non-Gyn pathologist on frozen section diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Intraoperative frozen section diagnosis was retrospectively evaluated in 578 patients operated with the suspicion of ovarian neoplasms. We compared the results of frozen section diagnosis by Gyn pathologists (Group 1) and by non-Gyn (Group 2) pathologists. RESULTS: In 23 patients (3.9%), the tissues were other than ovary. No opinion could be obtained on frozen sections of 14 cases (2.4%). The sensitivities for benign, borderline and malignant tumors for frozen section diagnoses of Gyn pathologists were 99.7%, 89.5%, and 96.3% respectively. The corresponding specificities were 97.6%, 85% and 99%, respectively. Group 2 pathologists had sensitivities and specificities of 97%, 50%, 84.6% and 95.2%, 96.2% and 94.5% for benign, borderline and malignant tumors, respectively. The overall accuracy rate of frozen section was 97.1%. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative frozen section diagnosis has a high accuracy rate for ovarian pathologies. Those rates do increase even more if it is evaluated by the Gyn pathologists.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between follicular fluid levels of propeptide and mature forms of growth differentiation factor (GDF) 9 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 15 with subsequent oocyte and embryo quality. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Eighty-one infertile patients who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). INTERVENTION(S): The expression levels of the propeptide and mature forms of follicular fluid GDF9 and BMP15 were determined by western blot analysis. The levels of follicular fluid hormones (FSH, E2, and P) were measured with automated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The relationships between the levels of GDF9 and BMP15, hormones, oocyte maturation, and embryo quality. RESULT(S): Mature GDF9 levels were significantly correlated with the nuclear maturation of oocytes. The mean mature GDF9 level was 4.87±0.60 in the high-embryo-quality group and 1.45±0.81 in the low-embryo-quality group. There were no statistically significant differences in embryo quality among the patients regarding propeptide GDF9 and BMP15 expression status. There was a negative correlation between follicular fluid levels of P and the mature form of GDF9. CONCLUSION(S): Higher mature GDF9 levels in the follicular fluid were significantly correlated with oocyte nuclear maturation and embryo quality.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk of gynecologic cancers among women with previous breast cancer. METHODS: A population-based longitudinal study was conducted using the Izmir cancer registry center's data on 6356 breast cancer patients diagnosed in the period 1992 to 2006. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and absolute excess risks (AER) were calculated. RESULTS: In total, 88 (1.3%) women developed a second primary cancer (other than second primary breast cancers) versus 49.8 expected (SIR, 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-2.2; AER, 86.9/100.000 patients/y) and 33 of 88 (37.5%) women developed gynecologic cancer (21 endometrial, 8 ovarian, and 4 cervical) versus 8.8 expected (SIR, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.8-5.7; AER, 48.2/100.000 patients/y). High SIR and AER were observed for uterine (SIR,2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-2.7; AER, 35/100.000 patients/y), ovarian (SIR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.6-7.2; AER, 12.2/100.000 patients/y), and cervical cancer (SIR, 1.68 95% CI: 0.46-4.3; AER, 2.2/100,000 patients/y). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that women with previous breast cancer have an elevated risk of developing a second primary gynecologic cancer compared with the general population. These patients should be followed up frequently.

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INTRODUCTION: Collision tumor means the coexistence of two adjacent, but histologically distinct tumors without histologic admixture in the same tissue or organ. Collision tumors involving ovaries are extremely rare. CASE: We present a case of 45-year-old parous woman with a left dermoid cyst, with unusual imaging findings, massive ascites and peritoneal carcinomatosis. The patient underwent cytoreductive surgery. The histopathology revealed a collision tumor consisting of an invasive serous cystadenocarcinoma and a dermoid cyst.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of tissue trauma after laparoscopic and total laparoscopic hysterectomy with retroperitoneal lateral transsection of uterine vessels using ligasure as compared with abdominal hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 45 women with various indications for hysterectomy were randomized into laparoscopic hysterectomy, total laparoscopic hysterectomy and abdominal hysterectomy. Laparoscopic and total laparoscopic hysterectomy with retroperitoneal lateral transsection of uterine vessels was performed by four-puncture laparoscopy and pre-, postoperative and postoperative 24th hour levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), the mean operative time, drop in hemoglobin concentration, weight of removed uterus, VAS scores, hospitalization period and major and minor operative complications were analyzed prospectively. RESULTS: CRP and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the abdominal hysterectomy group compared to either laparoscopy groups at the postoperative 24th hour. There were no significant differences in the levels of CRP and IL-6 between the two laparoscopy groups. The longest operative times were observed in the total laparoscopic hysterectomy group. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic surgery causes less tissue trauma than the conventional open surgery; however, we observed no difference between the laparoscopic hysterectomy groups concerning the postoperative inflammatory response. We may prefer laparoscopic hysterectomy instead of total laparoscopic hysterectomy under suitable conditions, since laparoscopic hysterectomy causes the same level of tissue trauma as total laparoscopic hysterectomy, but has the advantage of a significantly shorter operative time. Meanwhile, hysterectomy done by laparoscopy with retroperitoneal lateral transsection of uterine vessels using ligasure is an effective and safe procedure.

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