RESUMEN
Silymarin is a flavonoid complex isolated from the plant Silybum marianum which is well known for its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Since little is known about its anti-inflammatory properties and healing effects, our study focused on whether or not silymarin components reduce inflammation and support epidermis regeneration. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used to induce inflammation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and reconstructed epidermis (RHE), respectively. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8) in NHEKs and RHE was measured by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of cytokeratin 14 and loricrin in RHE was detected by immunofluorescent analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for the morphological evaluation of RHE. It was determined that 2, 3 - dehydrosilybin (DHSB) downregulated the production of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by NHEKs. Although all layers of RHE displayed full thickness, when SDS was applied, cell detachment was seen in the stratum corneum and loricrin expression was diminished.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Epidermis/efectos de los fármacos , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Quercetina/farmacología , Silimarina/farmacología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Epidermis/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Queratina-14/metabolismo , Queratinocitos/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/toxicidadRESUMEN
Silybin, a secondary metabolite isolated from the seeds of the blessed milk thistle (Silybum marianum) was discovered as the first member of a new family of natural compounds called flavonolignans in 1959. Over the years it has received the research attention of many organic chemists. This research has resulted in a number of semisynthetic derivatives prepared in an effort to modulate and better target the biological activities of silybin or to improve its physical properties, such as its solubility. A fundamental breakthrough in silybin chemistry was the determination of the absolute configurations of silybin A and silybin B, and the development of methods for their separation. This review covers articles dealing with silybin chemistry and also summarizes all the derivatives prepared.
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Silybum marianum/química , Silimarina/química , Estructura Molecular , Semillas/química , Silibina , Silimarina/aislamiento & purificación , Silimarina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
2-Bromophenol (1), 4-bromophenol (2), 2,4-dibromophenol (3), 2,6-dibromophenol (4), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (5) and tetrabromobisphenol A (6) (1 mM each) added to growing submerged cultures of Trametes versicolor CCBAS 612 were eliminated by 65-85% from the culture medium within 4d. Extracellular laccase activity in the culture medium was influenced by the type of brominated compound added. Maximum level of laccase (63 U L(-1)) was found in the culture with 2-bromophenol. Tetrabromobisphenol A was degraded by a commercial laccase from Trametes versicolor in absence of any oxidation mediator, hydroxylated dibrominated compounds being detected as soluble reaction products by LC/MS. A significant degradation of brominated phenols by laccase was achieved only in the presence of ABTS structural characterization of major products suggesting reaction between bromophenol and ABTS radicals.
Asunto(s)
Hidrocarburos Bromados/metabolismo , Lacasa/metabolismo , Fenoles/metabolismo , Trametes/enzimología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Biodegradación Ambiental , Hidrocarburos Bromados/química , Fenoles/química , Bifenilos Polibrominados/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/químicaAsunto(s)
Sistema Digestivo/efectos de los fármacos , Sustitutos de Grasa/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos/farmacología , Sacarosa/análogos & derivados , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Participación de la Comunidad , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/farmacología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Alimentos , Humanos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Sacarosa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
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RESUMEN
Olestra is a zero-calorie fat substitute that is neither digested nor absorbed. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, crossover rechallenge study was conducted to compare the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of chips made with Olean brand of olestra or conventional triglycerides in subjects who had previously experienced gastrointestinal symptoms they attributed to consuming Olean. A total of 57 male or female subjects received 2 oz of Olean potato chips or triglyceride potato chips at each of four weekly site visits. The occurrence of gastrointestinal effects after product consumption was noted in follow-up telephone interviews 3 to 5 days after each visit. There was no significant difference in the frequency of any gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal cramping, diarrhea, loose stools) following consumption of Olean chips or triglyceride chips, and the severity of diarrhea, loose stools, and abdominal cramping was similar. We conclude that consumption of a 2-oz serving of Olean chips is no more likely to result in reports of gastrointestinal symptoms than consumption of triglyceride snacks as a part of the usual diet, even in individuals who have claimed intolerance to Olean. The data suggest that subjects who previously experienced symptoms that they attributed to consuming products made with Olean may have mistakenly attributed their symptoms to these products.