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1.
Parasitol Int ; 94: 102717, 2023 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36464230

RESUMEN

It has been reported that HIV infection is not a risk factor for Entamoeba species infection but is for Giardia intestinalis assemblage B in children living in Western Kenya. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of and the risk factors for Entamoeba spp. and G. intestinalis infection in children living in Nairobi, Kenya. This cross-sectional study included 87 children with HIV [HIV(+)] and 85 without HIV [HIV(-)]. Stool and blood samples were collected for the detection of the parasites by PCR and immunological analyses using flow cytometry. Sociobehavioral and hygienic data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed statistically. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. infection was significantly lower in the HIV(+) than in the HIV(-) children (63.2% vs. 78.8%, P = 0.024), whereas the prevalence of G. intestinalis infection was not (27.6% vs. 32.9%, P = 0.445). "Not boiling drinking water" (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.8, P = 0.044) and "helping in nursery care" (aOR: 2.8, P = 0.009) were related to G. intestinalis assemblage B infection, and "CD4/CD8 ratio ≥1" was related to Entamoeba spp. infection (aOR: 3.3, P = 0.005). In stratified regression analyses, HIV infection was negatively associated with G. intestinalis assemblage B infection in females (aOR: 0.3, P = 0.022), but positively associated in males (aOR 3.8, P = 0.04). These results suggest that G. intestinalis assemblage B infection is related to hygienic conditions, while Entamoeba spp. infection is an indicator of better immunological status, and that the role of HIV infection in Giardia infection may differ between Kenyan boys and girls.


Asunto(s)
Entamebiasis , Infecciones por VIH , Parasitosis Intestinales , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Niño , Kenia/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Parasitosis Intestinales/complicaciones , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Factores de Riesgo , Entamebiasis/complicaciones , Entamebiasis/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Prevalencia
2.
PLoS One ; 17(8): e0273712, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36040882

RESUMEN

This study aimed to elucidate the 12-month durability of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients infected during the 2020 workplace outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan. We followed 33 Japanese patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in April 2020 for 12 months (12M). Patients were tested for NAbs and for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (anti-NC-Ab) and antibodies against the spike receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD-Ab). Tests were performed at 2M, 6M, and 12M after the primary infection (api) with commercially available test kits. In 90.9% (30/33) of patients, NAbs persisted for 12M api, though the median titers significantly declined from 78.7% (interquartile range [IQR]: 73.0-85.0%) at 2M, to 59.8% (IQR: 51.2-77.9) at 6M (P = 0.008), and to 56.2% (IQR: 39.6-74.4) at 12M (P<0.001). An exponential decay model showed that the NAb level reached undetectable concentrations at 35.5 months api (95% confidence interval: 26.5-48.0 months). Additionally, NAb titers were significantly related to anti-RBD-Ab titers (rho = 0.736, P<0.001), but not to anti-NC-Ab titers. In most patients convalescing from COVID-19, NAbs persisted for 12M api. This result suggested that patients need a booster vaccination within one year api, even though NAbs could be detected for over two years api. Anti-RBD-Ab titers could be used as a surrogate marker for predicting residual NAb levels.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Formación de Anticuerpos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Lugar de Trabajo
4.
PLoS One ; 16(10): e0258226, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34634074

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on the gut microbiota of children. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study investigated the gut microbiota of children with and without HIV. METHODS: We collected fecal samples from 59 children with HIV (29 treated with ART [ART(+)] and 30 without ART [HIV(+)]) and 20 children without HIV [HIV(-)] in Vietnam. We performed quantitative RT-PCR to detect 14 representative intestinal bacteria targeting 16S/23S rRNA molecules. We also collected the blood samples for immunological analyses. RESULTS: In spearman's correlation analyses, no significant correlation between the number of dominant bacteria and age was found among children in the HIV(-) group. However, the number of sub-dominant bacteria, including Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Enterobacteriaceae, positively correlated with age in the HIV(-) group, but not in the HIV(+) group. In the HIV(+) group, Clostridium coccoides group positively associated with the CD4+ cell count and its subsets. In the ART(+) group, Staphylococcus and C. perfringens positively correlated with CD4+ cells and their subsets and negatively with activated CD8+ cells. C. coccoides group and Bacteroides fragilis group were associated with regulatory T-cell counts. In multiple linear regression analyses, ART duration was independently associated with the number of C. perfringens, and Th17 cell count with the number of Staphylococcus in the ART(+) group. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection and ART may influence sub-dominant gut bacteria, directly or indirectly, in association with immune status in children with HIV.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , Factores de Edad , Bacterias/genética , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Análisis de Componente Principal , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/farmacología
5.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 159, 2020 01 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31932599

RESUMEN

Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) is a common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and, rarely, causes severe neurological disease. This study aimed to elucidate the epidemiological and genetic characteristics and virulence of EV-A71 strains isolated from children diagnosed with HFMD. Rectal and throat swabs were collected from 488 children with HFMD in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2015-2016. From 391 EV-positive patients, 15 EVs, including coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6; 47.1%) and EV-A71 (32.5%, n = 127), were identified. Of the 127 EV-A71 strains, 117 (92.1%) were the B5 subgenotype and 10 (7.9%) were the C4 subgenotype. A whole-genome analysis of EV-A71 strains showed that seven of the eight C4a strains isolated in 2016 formed a new lineage, including two possible recombinants between EV-A71 C4 and CV-A8. The proportion of inpatients among C4-infected children was higher than among B5-infected children (80.0% vs. 27.4%; P = 0.002). The virulence of EV-A71 strains was examined in human scavenger receptor class B2 (hSCARB2)-transgenic mice, and EV-A71 C4 strains exhibited higher mortality than B5 strains (80.0% vs. 30.0%, P = 0.0001). Thus, a new EV-A71 C4a-lineage, including two possible recombinants between EV-A71 C4 and CV-A8, appeared in 2016 in Vietnam. The EV-A71 C4 subgenotype may be more virulent than the B5 subgenotype.


Asunto(s)
Enterovirus/clasificación , Enterovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedad de Boca, Mano y Pie/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Boca, Mano y Pie/mortalidad , Proteínas de Membrana de los Lisosomas/fisiología , Receptores Depuradores/fisiología , Replicación Viral , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Brotes de Enfermedades , Enterovirus/genética , Femenino , Enfermedad de Boca, Mano y Pie/virología , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Filogenia , Serogrupo , Tasa de Supervivencia , Factores de Tiempo , Vietnam/epidemiología
6.
Parasitol Int ; 75: 102038, 2020 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31837398

RESUMEN

In molecular epidemiological studies of Giardia intestinalis, an pathogenic intestinal flagellate, due to the presence of allelic sequence heterogeneity (ASH) on the tetraploid genome, the image of haplotype diversity in the field remains uncertain. Here we employed the nine assemblage B positive stool samples, which had previously reported from Kenyan children, for the clonal sequence analysis of multiple gene loci (glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), and beta-giardin (BG)). The diversified unique assemblage B haplotypes as GDH (n = 67), TPI (n = 84), and BG (n = 62), and the assemblage A haplotypes as GDH (n = 7), TPI (n = 14), and BG (n = 15), which were hidden in the previous direct-sequence results, were detected. Among the assemblage B haplotypes, Bayesian phylogeny revealed multiple statistically significant clusters (9, 7, and 7 clusters for GDH, TPI, and BG, respectively). A part of the clusters (2 for GDH and 1 for BG), which included >4 haplotypes from an individual sample, indicated the presence of co-transmission with multiple strains sharing a recent ancestor. Locus-dependent discrepancies, such as different compositions of derived samples in clusters and different genotyping results for the assemblages, were also observed and considered to be the traces of both intra- and inter-assemblage genetic recombination respectively. Our clonal sequence analysis for giardial population, which applied firstly in Kenya, could reveal the higher rates of ASH far beyond the levels reported in other areas and address the complex population structure. The clonal analysis is indispensable for the molecular field study of G. intestinalis.


Asunto(s)
Giardia lamblia/genética , Haplotipos , Proteínas Protozoarias/análisis , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/análisis , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Giardia lamblia/enzimología , Glutamato Deshidrogenasa/análisis , Humanos , Kenia , Masculino , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Triosa-Fosfato Isomerasa/análisis
7.
BMC Infect Dis ; 19(1): 578, 2019 Jul 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31272409

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancers in men, including penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence, the genotypes, and the risk factors of HPV infections in the oral cavity, compared to those in the genitals, among males diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Vietnam. METHODS: Oral, urinary, penile, and urethral samples were collected from 198 male Vietnamese patients with STIs (median age 31.0 years, range 17-68). HPV DNA was isolated and amplified with PCR, with modified and/or original GP5+/GP6+ primers. Samples were genotyped with a gene array assay and/or population sequencing. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 69 (34.8%) of 198 patients. Of these, 16 patients (8.1%) had infections in the oral cavity and 58 (29.3%) had infections in the genitals (4.5% in the urine, 25.8% in the penis, and 8.1% in the urethra). The concordance of HPV infections between the oral cavity and the genitals was poor (kappa = 0.01). Of the 16 patients with oral HPV DNA, 11 (68.8%) had no HPV DNA in the genitals. In the remaining five patients, HPV DNA was found at both sites, but only one showed similar strains at both sites. In the other four patients, the HPV genotypes were completely discordant between these sites. HPV18 was the most common high-risk HPV genotype in both oral (9/16, 56.3%) and genital (10/58, 17.2%) sites. Multivariable analyses showed that older age (OR 1.05), higher education (OR 2.17), and no knowledge of STIs (OR 4.21) were independent risk factors for genital HPV infections; in contrast, only older age (OR 1.05) was an independent risk factor for oral HPV infections. CONCLUSIONS: The low concordance of HPV genotypes between oral and genital infection sites suggested that the acquisition, persistence, and/or clearance of HPV infections were different between these sites. Although HPV DNA was detected significantly less frequently in oral samples than in genital samples, oral samples should also be used for HPV screening in men.


Asunto(s)
Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Canal Anal/virología , Estudios Transversales , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Boca/virología , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Pene/virología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/virología , Vietnam/epidemiología , Adulto Joven
8.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 71(6): 419-426, 2018 Nov 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29962490

RESUMEN

We previously reported human papillomavirus type 52 (HPV52) as the most prevalent high-risk genotype in non-cancer individuals in Vietnam. This study aimed to evaluate HPV genotypes and HPV16 E6 and E7 (E6/E7) gene variations in Vietnamese patients with genital cancers. Biopsy samples were collected from 124 Vietnamese patients with genital cancers (20 with vaginal, 50 with vulvar, and 54 with penile cancer). The HPV-DNA was amplified and genotyped, and HPV16 E6/E7 genes were compared with those previously reported for women with normal cervical cytology (N = 23). HPV-DNA was detected in 80.6% (100/124) of the cancer patients (80.0% of vaginal, 82.0% of vulvar, and 79.6% of penile), with HPV16/18 in 86.0% (86/100) and HPV52 in 7.0% (7/100) of the HPV-positive samples. The HPV-DNA prevalence and HPV genotype distribution did not significantly differ among the genital cancer patients (both P = 0.95). Significantly fewer instances of the HPV16 A4 sublineage (34.8% vs. 82.6%, P < 0.0001) and HPV16 E7 29S (36.4% vs. 87.0%, P = 0.0002) occurred in the cancer patients than in the women with normal cytology. Our results indicate that HPV16/18 accounts for more than 85% of genital cancers in Vietnam, and the HPV16 sublineage A4 containing E7 29S may be less oncogenic.


Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Neoplasias de los Genitales Femeninos/virología , Neoplasias de los Genitales Masculinos/virología , Genotipo , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/genética , Papillomaviridae/clasificación , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus/genética , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia , Estudios Transversales , ADN Viral/genética , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Neoplasias de los Genitales Femeninos/epidemiología , Neoplasias de los Genitales Masculinos/epidemiología , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Prevalencia , Vietnam/epidemiología
9.
Int J Mol Sci ; 18(10)2017 Oct 19.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29048352

RESUMEN

Here, we investigated the effects of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on immune profiles and intestinal microbial translocation among children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This prospective study included 60 HIV-infected children-including 31 without antiretroviral therapy (ART) (HIV(+)) and 29 who received ART for a median of 3.5 years (ART(+)) and 20 children without HIV infection (HIV(-)). Participants were recruited in Vietnam. All children were given fermented milk containing LcS (6.5 × 108 cfu) daily for 8 weeks. Before and after LcS ingestion, blood samples were collected for virological, immunological, and bacteriological analyses. After LcS ingestion, peripheral CD4⁺ T-cell and Th2 (CXCR3-CCR6-CD4⁺) counts significantly increased in both HIV-infected groups; Th17 (CXCR3-CCR6⁺CD4⁺) counts increased in all three groups; regulatory T-cell (CD25highCD4⁺) counts decreased in the ART(+) and HIV(-) groups; activated CD8⁺ cells (CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD8⁺) decreased from 27.5% to 13.2% (p < 0.001) in HIV(+) children; and plasma HIV load decreased slightly but significantly among HIV(+) children. No group showed a significantly altered frequency of bacterial 16S/23S rRNA gene detection in the plasma. No serious adverse events occurred. These findings suggest that short-term LcS ingestion is a safe supportive approach with immunological and virological benefits in HIV-infected children.


Asunto(s)
Relación CD4-CD8 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Infecciones por VIH/terapia , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , VIH-1 , Humanos , Lacticaseibacillus casei , Masculino , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Células Th17/inmunología , Células Th2/inmunología , Vietnam
10.
PLoS One ; 12(6): e0179616, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28662105

RESUMEN

We previously reported a significant reduction in the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) from 2007 to 2012 in people who inject drugs (PWID; 35.9% to 18.5%, p < 0.001) and female sex workers (FSW; 23.1% to 9.8%, p < 0.05), but not in blood donors (BD) or pregnant women, in Haiphong, Vietnam. Our aim in the present study was to assess trends in the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively). We also investigated the coinfection rates of HBV and HCV with HIV in the same groups. Between 2007 and 2012, HBV prevalence was significantly decreased in BD (18.1% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.007) and slightly decreased in FSW (11.0% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.21), but not in PWID (10.7% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.84). HCV prevalence was significantly decreased in PWID (62.1% in 2007 vs. 42.7% in 2008, p < 0.0001), but it had rebounded to 58.4% in 2012 (2008 vs. 2012, p < 0.0001). HCV prevalence also increased in FSW: 28.6% in 2007 and 2009 vs. 35.3% in 2012; however, this difference was not significant (2007 vs. 2012, p = 0.41). Rates of coinfection with HBV and HCV among HIV-infected PWID and FSW did not change significantly during the study period. Our findings suggest that the current harm reduction programs designed to prevent HIV transmission in PWID and FSW may be insufficient to prevent the transmission of hepatitis viruses, particularly HCV, in Haiphong, Vietnam. New approaches, such as the introduction of catch-up HBV vaccination to vulnerable adult populations and the introduction of HCV treatment as prevention, should be considered to reduce morbidity and mortality due to HIV and hepatitis virus coinfection in Vietnam.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis C/epidemiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Trabajo Sexual , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa , Vietnam/epidemiología , Adulto Joven
11.
AIDS ; 30(15): 2385-7, 2016 09 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27478987

RESUMEN

A cross-sectional molecular epidemiological study of Giardia intestinalis infection was conducted among asymptomatic Kenyan children with (n = 123) and without (n = 111) HIV infection. G. intestinalis assemblage B infection was positively correlated with HIV infection [HIV (+), 18.7% vs. HIV (-), 11.7%; P = 0.013], whereas assemblage A infection was not [HIV (+), 4.1% vs. HIV (-), 6.3%; P = 0.510]. Thus, HIV infection is a risk factor for G. intestinalis assemblage B infection but not for assemblage A infection.


Asunto(s)
Giardia lamblia/clasificación , Giardia lamblia/aislamiento & purificación , Giardiasis/epidemiología , Giardiasis/parasitología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Giardia lamblia/genética , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Kenia/epidemiología , Masculino , Epidemiología Molecular
12.
Int J Mol Sci ; 17(8)2016 Aug 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27490536

RESUMEN

CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte destruction, microbial translocation, and systemic immune activation are the main mechanisms of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection. To investigate the impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the immune profile of and microbial translocation in HIV-infected children, 60 HIV vertically infected children (31 without ART: HIV(+) and 29 with ART: ART(+)) and 20 HIV-uninfected children (HIV(-)) aged 2-12 years were recruited in Vietnam, and their blood samples were immunologically and bacteriologically analyzed. Among the HIV(+) children, the total CD4⁺-cell and their subset (type 1 helper T-cell (Th1)/Th2/Th17) counts were inversely correlated with age (all p < 0.05), whereas regulatory T-cell (Treg) counts and CD4/CD8 ratios had become lower, and the CD38⁺HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-DR⁺CD8⁺- (activated CD8⁺) cell percentage and plasma soluble CD14 (sCD14, a monocyte activation marker) levels had become higher than those of HIV(-) children by the age of 2 years; the CD4/CD8 ratio was inversely correlated with the plasma HIV RNA load and CD8⁺-cell activation status. Among the ART(+) children, the total CD4⁺-cell and Th2/Th17/Treg-subset counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio gradually increased, with estimated ART periods of normalization being 4.8-8.3 years, whereas Th1 counts and the CD8⁺-cell activation status normalized within 1 year of ART initiation. sCD14 levels remained high even after ART initiation. The detection frequency of bacterial 16S/23S ribosomal DNA/RNA in blood did not differ between HIV-infected and -uninfected children. Thus, in children, HIV infection caused a rapid decrease in Treg counts and the early activation of CD8⁺ cells and monocytes, and ART induced rapid Th1 recovery and early CD8⁺-cell activation normalization but had little effect on monocyte activation. The CD4/CD8 ratio could therefore be an additional marker for ART monitoring.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Traslocación Bacteriana , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Niño , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , ARN Ribosómico 16S/sangre , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , ARN Ribosómico 23S/sangre , ARN Ribosómico 23S/genética , Vietnam
13.
AIDS ; 30(5): 803-5, 2016 Mar 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26919716

RESUMEN

A cross-sectional molecular epidemiological study of Entamoeba species was conducted among asymptomatic Kenyan children with (n = 123) and without (n = 111) HIV infection. The prevalence of E. histolytica was low (0.4%). Entamoeba species infection was inversely related with HIV infection [HIV(+): 29.3% vs. HIV(-): 55.0%, P < 0.001]: multiple-species infection was related to higher CD4 T-cell counts. Thus, HIV infection is not a risk factor for amebic infection, and multiple-species infection can be an indicator of better immune status.


Asunto(s)
Entamoeba histolytica/aislamiento & purificación , Entamebiasis/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Enfermedades Asintomáticas , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Humanos , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Kenia/epidemiología , Masculino , Epidemiología Molecular , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo
14.
J Med Virol ; 88(6): 1059-66, 2016 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26519942

RESUMEN

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence, genotypes, and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Hanoi, Vietnam. The study included 192 males (mean age, 32.9 years) with symptoms related to sexually transmitted infections (STI). Urinary, penile, and urethral samples were collected in April and May, 2014. HPV DNA was detected with PCR, performed with modified and/or original GP5(+)/GP6(+) primers. HPV genotypes were determined with a gene array assay. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) DNA were detected with loop-mediated isothermal amplification. HPV DNA, NG, and CT were detected in 48 (25.0%), 23 (12.0%), and 41 (21.4%) patients, respectively. HPV DNA appeared in penile samples (21.0%, 39/186) more frequently than in urinary (3.1%, 6/191, P < 0.001) and urethral (9.4%, 18/192, P = 0.002) samples. Among patients with HPV, genotype prevalence was: HPV81 (22.9%), HPV52 (18.8%), HPV18 (16.7%), and HPV16 (6.3%). Multiple-type and high risk-type HPV infections were determined in 33.3% and 64.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association of HPV infection in urethra with younger sexual debut age. HPV52 was the most prevalent high-risk HPV genotype, whereas HPV16 was less common in the male Vietnamese patients with STI-related symptoms. Younger sexual-debut age was a risk factor for HPV infection in urethra.


Asunto(s)
Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Infecciones por Chlamydia/complicaciones , Infecciones por Chlamydia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Coinfección/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Genotipo , Gonorrea/complicaciones , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Gonorrea/microbiología , Gonorrea/virología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/fisiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Pene/virología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Sexual , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/virología , Uretra/virología , Uretritis/epidemiología , Uretritis/virología , Orina/virología , Vietnam/epidemiología , Adulto Joven
15.
PLoS One ; 10(8): e0137140, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26317223

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Disease progression varies among HIV-1-infected individuals. The present study aimed to explore possible viral and host factors affecting disease progression in HIV-1-infected children. METHODS: Since 2000, 102 HIV-1 vertically-infected children have been followed-up in Kenya. Here we studied 29 children (15 male/14 female) who started antiretroviral treatment at <5 years of age (rapid progressors; RP), and 32 (17 male/15 female) who started at >10 years of age (slow progressors; SP). Sequence variations in the HIV-1 gag and nef genes and the HLA class I-related epitopes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Based on nef sequences, HIV-1 subtypes A1/D were detected in 62.5%/12.5% of RP and 66.7%/20% of SP, with no significant difference in subtype distribution between groups (p = 0.8). In the ten Nef functional domains, only the PxxP3 region showed significantly greater variation in RP (33.3%) than SP (7.7%, p = 0.048). Gag sequences did not significantly differ between groups. The reportedly protective HLA-A alleles, A*74:01, A*32:01 and A*26, were more commonly observed in SP (50.0%) than RP (11.1%, p = 0.010), whereas the reportedly disease-susceptible HLA-B*45:01 was more common in RP (33.3%) than SP (7.4%, p = 0.045). Compared to RP, SP showed a significantly higher median number of predicted HLA-B-related 12-mer epitopes in Nef (3 vs. 2, p = 0.037), HLA-B-related 11-mer epitopes in Gag (2 vs. 1, p = 0.029), and HLA-A-related 9-mer epitopes in Gag (4 vs. 1, p = 0.051). SP also had fewer HLA-C-related epitopes in Nef (median 4 vs. 5, p = 0.046) and HLA-C-related 11-mer epitopes in Gag (median 1 vs. 1.5, p = 0.044) than RP. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to rapid progressors, slow progressors had more protective HLA-A alleles and more HLA-B-related epitopes in both the Nef and Gag proteins. These results suggest that the host factor HLA plays a stronger role in disease progression than the Nef and Gag sequence variations in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children.


Asunto(s)
Progresión de la Enfermedad , Variación Genética , VIH-1/fisiología , Antígenos HLA/metabolismo , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Productos del Gen gag del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/genética , Productos del Gen nef del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Niño , Preescolar , Epítopos/genética , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , VIH-1/genética , Antígenos HLA/genética , Antígenos HLA/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Lactante , Kenia , Masculino , Adulto Joven
16.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 31(7): 757-9, 2015 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25970090

RESUMEN

We previously reported a significant decrease in HIV-1 prevalence, with no increase in drug-resistant HIV-1 among injecting drug users (IDU), female sex workers (FSW), and blood donors (BD), in Haiphong, Vietnam, from 2007 to 2009. In 2012, 388 IDU, 51 FSW, and 200 BD were recruited for further analysis. None had a history of antiretroviral treatment. From 2007 to 2012, HIV-1 prevalence was reduced from 35.9% to 18.6% (p<0.001), 23.1% to 9.8% (p<0.05), and 2.9% to 1% (p=0.29) in IDU, FSW, and BD, respectively. Of 79 anti-HIV-1 antibody-positive samples, 61 were successfully analyzed for the pol-reverse transcriptase (RT) region. All HIV-1 strains were CRF01_AE. Nonnucleoside RT inhibitor-resistant mutations, Y181C/I, were detected in three subjects; one had the nucleoside RT inhibitor-resistant mutations L74V and M184V and one had E138K. The prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 in Haiphong increased slightly from 1.8% in 2007 to 6.6% in 2012 (p=0.06).


Asunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Viral , Genotipo , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/clasificación , VIH-1/genética , Epidemiología Molecular , Adulto , Donantes de Sangre , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Femenino , Variación Genética , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Transcriptasa Inversa del VIH/genética , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación Missense , Prevalencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Trabajo Sexual , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa , Vietnam/epidemiología
17.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 31(8): 797-805, 2015 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25826000

RESUMEN

We previously reported mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in nine (6.7%) of 135 children on nevirapine prophylaxis in Vietnam. In the current study, we investigated the appearance and profile of antiretroviral drug (ARV) resistance mutations, the predicted coreceptor usage, and the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains isolated from the eight pairs of HIV-1-infected mothers and their children, who were followed up to 12 months after birth. Portions of the pol and env C2V3 regions of the HIV-1 strains were analyzed genetically. HIV-1 CRF01_AE RNA was detected in four (50%) children at delivery. Y181C, a nevirapine resistance mutation, appeared in two (25%) children 1 and 3 months after birth, respectively. No ARV resistance mutation was detected in the mothers, though three mothers were on ARV prophylaxis. Five mothers and their children harbored CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses. Two mothers harbored both R5 and CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses, but their children harbored only R5 viruses even though the X4 viruses were dominant in the mothers. In the remaining one mother, HIV-1 RNA was not amplified and her child harbored both R5 and X4 viruses at birth, but only X4 virus 12 months after delivery. The infants' viruses were more homogeneous than their mothers' viruses (mean distance: 0.5% vs. 1.1%, respectively). This is the first molecular epidemiological study of vertical HIV-1 infections in Vietnam. These findings may provide useful knowledge for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and the antiretroviral treatment of children in Vietnam.


Asunto(s)
Genotipo , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/clasificación , VIH-1/genética , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Análisis por Conglomerados , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Variación Genética , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nevirapina/farmacología , Filogenia , Embarazo , ARN Viral/genética , Receptores del VIH/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia , Vietnam/epidemiología , Tropismo Viral , Productos del Gen pol del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/genética
18.
Curr HIV Res ; 13(4): 292-9, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25613131

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both bloodborne viruses. Markers of either active or past HBV infection are present in many HIV infected patients. Worldwide, HBV prevalence varies geographically and endemicity is classified as low (<2%) or high (>8%). Genotypically, prevalence varies among different populations, with genotype A having a wide distribution. In Kenya, the prevalence of HIV-1/HBV co-infection ranges from 6-53% depending on the sub-population, with genotype A as the most common. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and characterize HBV in HBV/HIV co-infected injecting drug users (IDUs) from Mombasa, Kenya. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from HIV-infected IDUs in Mombasa, Kenya. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). HBV DNA was extracted by SMITEST R&D kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done; followed by population sequencing of HBV preS, core and full genome using specific primers. Analysis was done phylogenetically with reference sequences from the Genbank. RESULTS: Seventy two HIV-positive samples were collected from IDUs in Mombasa in February and March 2010. Of these, 10 (13.89%) were HBsAg-positive by EIA. Nine of the 10 samples (12.5%) were PCR positive for HBV in the preS region; from these, four HBV full length sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all belonged to genotype A1. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HBV co-infection among HIV-infected IDUs in Mombasa, Kenya was 12.5%. Phylogenetically, sequences obtained from this study showed clusters that were distinct from reported Kenyan reference sequences from the Genbank. The findings point to an existence of a transmission network among IDUs in Mombasa. This further suggests that HBV genotypes in Kenya may be regionally diverse.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/virología , Adulto , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/virología , Femenino , Genotipo , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1 , Hepatitis B/inmunología , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/sangre , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Humanos , Kenia/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prevalencia
19.
J Med Virol ; 85(6): 1069-76, 2013 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23588734

RESUMEN

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has several intragenotypic variants with different geographical and ethnic distributions. This study aimed to elucidate the distribution patterns of E6 and E7 (E6/E7) intragenotypic variants of HPV type 16 (HPV-16), which is most common worldwide, and HPV-52, which is common in Asian countries such as Japan, the Philippines, and Vietnam. In previous studies, genomic DNA samples extracted from cervical swabs were collected from female sex workers in these three countries and found to be positive for HPV-16 or HPV-52. Samples were amplified further for their E6/E7 genes using type-specific primers and analyzed genetically. Seventy-nine HPV-16 E6/E7 genes were analyzed successfully and grouped into three lineages: European (Prototype), European (Asian), and African-2. The prevalences of HPV-16 European (Prototype)/European (Asian) lineages were 19.4%/80.6% (n = 31) in Japan, 75.0%/20.8% (n = 24) in the Philippines, and 0%/95.8% (n = 24) in Vietnam. The 109 HPV-52 E6/E7 genes analyzed successfully were grouped into four lineages, A-D; the prevalences of lineages A/B/C/D were, respectively, 5.1%/92.3%/0%/2.6% in Japan (n = 39), 34.4%/62.5%/0%/3.1% in the Philippines (n = 32), and 15.8%/73.7%/7.9%/2.6% in Vietnam (n = 38). The distribution patterns of HPV-16 and HPV-52 lineages in these countries differed significantly (P < 0.000001 and P = 0.0048, respectively). There was no significant relationship between abnormal cervical cytology and either HPV-16 E6/E7 lineages or specific amino acid mutations, such as E6 D25E, E6 L83V, and E7 N29S. Analysis of HPV-16 and HPV-52 E6/E7 genes can be a useful molecular-epidemiological tool to distinguish geographical diffusion routes of these HPV types in Asia.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/genética , Papillomaviridae/genética , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus/genética , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Pueblo Asiatico , Población Negra , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Oncogénicas Virales/clasificación , Papillomaviridae/clasificación , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/etnología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Filipinas/epidemiología , Filogenia , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Proteínas Represoras/clasificación , Vietnam/epidemiología , Población Blanca
20.
J Med Virol ; 85(2): 288-94, 2013 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23161344

RESUMEN

Vaccines against two high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, HPV-16, and HPV-18, are in use currently, with high efficacy for preventing infections with these HPV types and consequent cervical cancers. However, circulating HPV types can vary with geography and ethnicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV types and the association between HPV types and abnormal cervical cytology among female sex workers in Northern Vietnam. Cervical swabs and plasma samples were collected from 281 female sex workers at two health centers in Hanoi and Hai Phong in 2009. The HPV L1 gene was amplified by PCR using original and modified GP5(+)/6(+) primers. Amplified PCR products were genotyped by the microarray system GeneSquare (KURABO) and/or clonal sequencing. Of the 281 women, 139 (49.5%) were positive for HPV DNA. Among the HPV-positive samples, 339 strains and 29 different types were identified. Multiple-type and high risk-type HPV infections were found in 85 (61.2%) and 124 (89.2%) women, respectively. The most common genotype was HPV-52, followed by HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-58. Abnormal cervical cytology was detected in 3.2% (9/281) of the women, and all of these samples were positive for HPV-DNA. Age ≤25 years and infection with human immunodeficiency virus were associated positively with HPV infection among the women while ever smoking was associated negatively. These results show that HPV-52 is most prevalent among female sex workers in Northern Vietnam, most of whom had normal cervical cytology. This information may be important for designing vaccination strategies in Vietnam.


Asunto(s)
Papillomaviridae/clasificación , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Trabajadores Sexuales , Adolescente , Adulto , Cuello del Útero/patología , Estudios Transversales , Técnicas Citológicas , ADN Viral/química , ADN Viral/genética , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Análisis por Micromatrices , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Papillomaviridae/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prevalencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Vietnam/epidemiología , Adulto Joven
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