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INTRODUCTION: Infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) is an immunologically mediated renal injury due to non-renal infections. With time there has been a change with respect to its incidence, etiological agents, clinical features, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted from May 1, 2018 to May 31, 2021. OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the clinical profile of patients with renal biopsy-proven IRGN. 2. To study the outcomes of IRGN at the end of 3 months. All patients were followed up for a minimum period of 3 months. Outcomes at the end of 3 months were categorized as any one of the following: (1) normalization of renal function tests and proteinuria < 500 mg/day, (2) persistent renal dysfunction without requirement of renal replacement therapy, (3) requirement of renal replacement therapy. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients were included in the study. The incidence of IRGN was 4.6%. The majority were males and in the fifth decade of life. Focus of infection was identified in 59.6% of cases. Acute glomerulonephritis (35.1%) and nephrotic syndrome (35.1%) were the most common syndromic presentations. 68.4% of patients had complete recovery at the end of 3 months. 15.7% of patients progressed to chronic kidney disease, and 15.7% of patients required renal replacement therapy. Elderly patients' requirement of renal replacement therapy and higher creatinine at presentation were significantly associated with poor outcomes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the need for early identification of the source of infection and treatment with appropriate antibiotics. Strategies to identify occult sources of infection should be employed. Elderly age and requirement of renal replacement therapy were associated with poor outcomes.

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Growth hormones (GH) have diverse functions like growth promotion, metabolism, appetite, reproduction and social behavior in vertebrates, which is mediated through the growth hormone receptor (GHR). This work was aimed to analyze structural features, homology modeling and molecular docking of Labeo rohita GHR protein. A physicochemical characteristic, like molecular weight was 67.2 kDa and hydropathicity was 0.336. Protein modeling and structure confirmation of L. rohita GHR protein showed 92.7% residues are in the favored region. Selection of ligands and molecular docking shown Melengestrol and Riboflavin ligand showed uppermost binding energy values -7.8 and -7.3 kcal/mol. Molecular interactions describe conventional hydrogen bonding of Melengestrol was observed with VAL94, GLU97, GLU95, TRP57, PHE33, THR34, PRO35, ASP36, PRO37, ARG49, GLY292, LYS291, ILE290, ALA287, LYS289 residues. Riboflavin hydrogen bonds interaction was at PRO37, ASP36, PRO35, THR34, ARG49, SER144, VAL443, GLN442, PRO284, ASP294, ILE285, PRO286, SER408, ALA287, GLY292, LYS291, ILE290, PRO288, LYS287. Molecular dynamics simulation outcomes revealed that complex 2 (Riboflavin and GHR protein) is better than complex1 (Melengestrol and GHR protein). Overall, the results of the present work lead identification of novel molecules that may be agonistic of growth hormone receptor protein and can be used to surge growth in fish. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

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Kisspeptins are neuropeptide that has emerged as an essential gatekeeper for reproduction and onset of puberty in higher vertebrates including fish. In present study, structural analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of kisspeptin receptor (kiss2r) were carried out, which is a G-protein-coupled receptor. An open reading frame of kiss2r is 1101 bp encoding a putative protein of 366 amino acids. Secondary structure protein consists of alpha helix 69.70%, beta-turn 2%, disordered 18% and 43% transmembrane helix. Sub-cellular localization and gene ontology revealed kiss2r protein is maximum localized in the plasma membrane (99.1%) with score of 4.958 and gene ontology analysis showed molecular function of 89.8%, biological process 30.6% and cellular component 41.2%. Homology modeling and structure validation of kiss2r confirm 97.5% residues are in the favored region and 2.5% residues are in the allowed region. Virtual screening of ligands and molecular docking revealed 2-(4-(2-Carboxyethyl) phenethylamino) 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine and N-ethyl-5'-carboxamido adenosine ligand exhibited highest binding energy values 9.437 and 7.476 kcal/mol. Molecular interactions depict conventional hydrogen bonding with GLU197 THR198 GLN288 HIS297 LYS303 and TYR313 residues. Molecular dynamic simulation results revealed that complex 2 (N-ethyl-5'-carboxamido adenosine and kiss2r protein) is better than complex 1 (2-(4-(2-Carboxyethyl) phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine and kiss2r protein) and its connotation in drug designing. The outcome of this work sheds light on the protein modeling, molecular docking and virtual screening of agonist ligands against kiss2 and thus may significantly contribute in designing and optimizing therapeutic strategies to cure various reproductive dysfunctions in fish. Abbreviations3-Dthree-dimensionala.aAmino acidBLASTBasic local alignment search toolAMBERAssisted Model Building with Energy RefinementCDScoding sequenceCIDCompound identification numberDOPEDiscrete optimized protein energyGnRHGonadotropin-releasing hormoneGPR54G protein-coupled receptor 54GROMACSGroningen Machine for Chemicals SimulationsGUIGraphical user interfaceHPGHypothalamic-pituitary-gonadalKiss1rkisspeptin1 receptorkiss2rkisspeptin2 receptorMEGAMolecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis.MDMolecular dynamicsNCBINational Center for Biotechnology InformationORFOpen reading framePDBProtein Data BankRMSDRoot-mean-square deviationSBDDStructure-based drug designingTMDsTransmembrane domainsYASARAYet Another Scientific Artificial Reality ApplicationCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

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Doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor (DMRT) gene family is extensively known for its contribution in sex determination and differentiation across phyla. Here we report the identification of five DM (doublesex and mab-3) domain genes in the Nile tilapia which includes DMRT1, DMRTa2, DMRT2a, DMRT2b and DMRT3a. The full-length sequence of DMRT genes ranges from 3526 (DMRTA2) to 1471bp (DMRT1) which encode putative proteins series from 469 to 372 amino acids. All the DMRT proteins contained at least one conserved DNA-binding DM domain. Sub-cellular localization and gene ontology revealed DMRT1 protein is maximum localized in nuclear region and gene ontology analysis showed the molecular function of 48.2%, biological process 43.6% and cellular component 25%. Chromosomal location and synteny analysis displayed that DMRT genes mostly cluster linkage group 12. Altogether, our findings provide vital genomic information for future studies of biochemical, physiological, and phylogenetic studies on DMRT genes in teleost.

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Cortical parcellation based on resting fMRI is an important tool for investigating the functional organization and connectivity of the cerebral cortex. Group parcellation based on co-registration of anatomical images to a common atlas will inevitably result in errors in the locations of the boundaries of functional parcels when they are mapped back from the atlas to the individual. This is because areas of functional specialization vary across individuals in a manner that cannot be fully determined from the sulcal and gyral anatomy that is used for mapping between atlas and individual. We describe a method that avoids this problem by refining an initial group parcellation so that for each subject the parcel boundaries are optimized with respect to that subject's resting fMRI. Initialization with a common parcellation results in automatic correspondence between parcels across subjects. Further, by using a group sparsity constraint to model connectivity, we exploit group similarities in connectivity between parcels while optimizing their boundaries for each individual. We applied this approach with initialization on both high and low density group cortical parcellations and used resting fMRI data to refine across a group of individuals. Cross validation studies show improved homogeneity of resting activity within the refined parcels. Comparisons with task-based localizers show consistent reduction of variance of statistical parametric maps within the refined parcels relative to the group-based initialization indicating improved delineation of regions of functional specialization. This method enables a more accurate estimation of individual subject functional areas, facilitating group analysis of functional connectivity, while maintaining consistency across individuals with a standardized topological atlas.

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A facile and efficient approach to the synthesis of prenylated flavonoids as potential chemopreventive agents has been described. This features the synthesis of prenyl halide, prenylation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, formation of prenylated polyhydroxychalcone and cyclization of prenylated polyhydroxychalcone to flavanones (15) and (16), and flavonol (17) starting from isoprene (1). The structures of all three compounds have been characterized by NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy.

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Goats naturally infested with Damalinia caprae lice were used to evaluate the efficacy of flumethrin pour-on. The maximum load of lice infestation was detected in the neck region. The LC50 value of flumethrin pour-on against D. caprae was found to be 119.35 ppm and the 95% confidence limits were calculated to be 104.10 and 136.85 ppm. Flumethrin at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight by pour-on application along the mid-dorsal line was found to be 100% effective in treating lice-infested goats compared with the control goats. The residual action of flumethrin was found to be at least 42 days during which period no apparent signs of any local or general adverse effects were observed. Based on these studies, it is suggested that flumethrin pour-on may be successfully used for both the prophylaxis and treatment of D. caprae infestation in goats and it is necessary to repeat the treatment after 42 days. The method of application is highly advantageous as it can be conveniently applied, even in animals with thick hair coat and during the winter months.

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An extremely unusual "miliary" metastatic tumor of the brain in a 69-year-old man is reported. Although there was no known primary tumor, the patient had innumerable brain lesions involving both cerebral and both cerebellar hemispheres, the basal ganglia, and the brainstem. There was no associated edema, mass effect, or brain parenchymal reaction. None of the lesions showed any calcification.

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Sheep infected with a fenbendazole resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus and goats with a levamisole resistant strain of the same parasite were used to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of closantel. Closantel at the rate of 10 mg/kg body weight was 100% effective against the 2 resistant strains of the parasite as indicated by faecal egg count and worm reduction. The efficacy of fenbendazole in sheep and of levamisole in goats was 56.68 and 76.90%, respectively.

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A rapid and simple method for concentrating leucocyte-free Babesia caballi-infected erythrocytes from in vitro cultures is described. Infected erythrocytes amounted to at least 95% of all red cells obtained.

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Eighteen seven to 21-day-old crossbred (Bos taurus cross Bos indicus) calves were allocated to four groups (A to D). Groups A and B each consisted of six calves and groups C and D three calves each. Each calf in groups A, B and C was inoculated with ground-up tick supernate (GUTS) equivalent to two infected acini prepared from Theileria annulata-infected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Each calf in group A was also given a single intramuscular injection of buparvaquone, 2.5 mg kg-1 bodyweight simultaneously with GUTS, whereas each calf in group B was given a single intramuscular injection of long-acting oxytetracycline, 20 mg kg-1 bodyweight following inoculation of GUTS. In calves of group A clinicopathological reactions were negligible, whereas in calves of group B mild to severe reactions were observed resulting in the death of three of the six calves. All the calves of group C (infected, untreated controls) died of acute theileriosis. All the surviving calves of groups A and B withstood a lethal homologous challenge given on day 30 after immunisation, indicating no difference in the immune status of the surviving calves of the two groups. Group D, challenge control, all calves died of theileriosis within 18 days of challenge.

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Twenty cross-bred (Bos taurus X Bos indicus) calves, 7-21 days old, were infected by a ground-up tick supernate of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with the Hisar isolate of Theileria annulata. Six calves acted as untreated controls and they all died of theileriosis within 17 days of infection. The remaining 14 calves were divided into Group A and B, each consisting of seven calves. All the calves of Groups A and B were treated intramuscularly with buparvaquone (BW 720C) on Day 11 post-infection, when clinical signs of theileriosis were apparent. Each calf received 2.5 mg BW 720 C kg-1 body weight as a single injection. In addition, each calf of Group B was given proprietary haematinics by intramuscular injection, daily for 12 days. In Group A, two calves died of cerebral theileriosis and five were clinically cured. However, four of these five calves later died of anaemia. In Group B, all the calves were clinically cured and none died during the observation period of 1 month. The parasitaemia declined to less than 1% within a fortnight of treatment. The initial declines in haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were halted and preinfection values were soon restored. No toxic signs attributable to treatment with buparvaquone were observed.

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Sixty three cross-bred (Bos taurus X Bos indicus) 4-5-day-old calves were divided into 16 groups (A-P). Each calf in Groups A and B was given ground-up-tick supernate prepared from Theileria annulata-infected or non-infected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (GUTS) equivalent to 5 ticks (50 infected acini). Groups D and E received infected GUTS equivalent to 2 ticks (20 infected acini) and Groups G and H were given infected GUTS equivalent to 1 tick (10 infected acini). Each calf in Groups J, K and L received infected GUTS equivalent to 5 infected acini (0.035 tick), and Group O was inoculated with non-infected GUTS equivalent to 5 ticks. Each calf in Groups A, D, G, J, K and O was also given a single intramuscular injection of long acting oxytetracycline, 20 mg kg-1 body weight just after inoculation of GUTS. Severe reactions resulted in the death of five of eight, three of eight, five of six, one of five and one of five calves in Groups A, D, G, J and K respectively and all of the calves in Groups B, E, H, and L. The surviving calves of Groups A, D, G, J, K and O were challenged on Day 45 post-immunization along with freshly introduced susceptible control calves of Groups C, F, I, M, N and P. All the calves of Groups A, G, J and K withstood the challenge dose; in Group D four of five and in Groups C, F, I, M, N, O, and P all the calves died of theileriosis. It is concluded that though the infection and treatment method of immunization may be used for neonatal bovines, the dose of immunogen should be based on actual counts of infected salivary acini of ticks instead of the number of ticks.

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Four additional cases of synovial cyst (ganglion) arising from the facet joint between L4 and L5 are reported. Only five such cases have been reported in the past. For the first time impressive and characteristic myelographic findings are described, which make a preoperative diagnosis possible in these cases.

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