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BACKGROUND: Despite the University of California San Francisco, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), and the Food and Drug Administration having approved the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in arresting dentinal caries, literature available on its systemic absorption is limited. AIM: This study aimed to assess any systemic absorption of fluoride ion following the topical application of SDF in young children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children aged between 3 and 6 years who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries and required rehabilitation were recruited for the study. Before the onset of treatment for the arrest and control of caries, a baseline urine sample as a control was collected from the patient. In accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and AAPD guidelines, SDF was topically applied on a minimum of five carious teeth, following which additional urine samples were collected after 2 h and after 24 h, respectively, of application of SDF. The urine samples were stored at -20°C, and the estimation of fluoride ion concentrations in urine was then ascertained using a fluoride ion selective electrode. RESULTS: The results revealed that the fluoride concentration in urine before application of SDF was 0.66 mg/L ± 0.25 mg/L, and following 2 h of application, it was 1.13 mg/L ± 0.23. However, 24 h postapplication, the urinary fluoride concentration was reduced to 0.63 mg/L ± 0.20, which is close to the baseline value of the control sample. CONCLUSION: There was no significant systemic absorption of fluoride following the application of SDF, and it could be adopted as an effective and safe agent in the armamentarium for managing caries in young children.

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Aim: To evaluate the remineralizing potential of glass ionomer cement (GIC) and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on artificially induced enamel caries lesions in primary teeth. Materials and methods: The initial baseline surface microhardness (SMH) of 40 primary teeth was tested using Vickers hardness tester, followed by the creation of artificial caries lesions by immersion in the demineralizing solution. Microhardness assessments of demineralized samples were done, and samples were randomly divided into two groups of 20 specimens: in group I, GIC was applied on demineralized enamel, and in group II, SDF was applied on demineralized enamel. Samples were subjected to pH cycling. For group I, GIC from the enamel samples was carefully removed using a surgical blade, and changes in the SMH from both groups were analyzed using Vickers microhardness test. Result: Surface microhardness (SMH) value after pH cycling of GIC (45 ± 10.23) and SDF (47.76 ± 6.69) is statistically highly significant (<0.001) compared to the baseline SMH of both test groups. Comparison of SMH between the two groups showed statistically nonsignificant results. Conclusion: The remineralization potential of SDF is comparable to GIC. So, SDF can be used as a remineralizing agent for incipient enamel caries. Clinical significance: Owing to the remineralizing ability of GIC underneath the restorations, it can be used as a therapeutic sealant for incipient enamel caries lesions, where SDF staining is not always acceptable. A 38% SDF also can be used as a remineralizing agent for incipient enamel caries lesions in situations like noncompliant patients, inaccessibility to dental care, or conditions in which esthetics is not of concern. How to cite this article: Sunny S, Sargod SS, Bhat SS, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Glass Ionomer Cement on Microhardness of Artificial Caries Lesion in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(6):858-863.

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Dental caries is a common problem in adolescents, leading to permanent loss of teeth or cavitation. Caries is a continuous process wherein demineralization and remineralization occur regularly. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most biocompatible and bioactive materials, as it closely resembles the mineral composition of teeth. The present study deals with isolating hydroxyapatite from fish bone (Epinephelus chlorostigma) by alkaline hydrolysis and thermal calcination. The isolated nano HA was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM-EDX, and HR-TEM analysis. The nano HA isolated by alkaline hydrolysis is nontoxic, and the cells are viable. The isolated HA enhances the proliferation of L929 cells. The remineralization potential of the extracted nano HA was evaluated in healthy premolars by DIAGNOdent/laser fluorescence quantification, surface microhardness test, and SEM-EDX analysis. Surface morphological observations in SEM and EDX analyses show that thermally calcined HA and alkali-treated HA can induce mineralization and deposit minerals. Therefore, HA obtained from Epinephelus chlorostigma could be a potential biomaterial for treating early caries.

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Background and Objectives: Conventionally, stainless steel crown (SSC) is the preferred material for the restoration of pulpotomized primary molars. However, in situations where stainless steel cannot be used necessity for other restorative material arises. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the microleakage of several coronal seal materials in pulpotomized primary molars- in vitro. Methodology: Seventy-five primary molars were prepared with proximo-occlusal cavities. Restoration was done with Zinc oxide eugenol cement, SSC, composite resin, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (GIC), and amalgam. Microleakage was assessed using dye penetration technique with stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Statistical Analysis and Results: The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to statistically analyze the results. Conclusion: With regard to this present study composite resin and resin-modified GIC offers a good alternative for SSC.

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Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of three different concentrations of Ocimum sanctum aqueous extract against various caries causing microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Materials and methods: Aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by the cold extraction method. The extract was diluted with milli Q water, to obtain 3 different concentrations [2%, 3%, and 4%] of the extract. Glycerol 6%v/v and tween-80, 0.1%v/v were also added to get a stable suspension. About 0.2% chlorhexidine was used as a positive control and milli Q water was used as a negative control. The extract, along with the controls, was then subjected to microbiological investigation to determine which concentration among the three different concentrations of extract gave a wider inhibition zone against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. Results: Ocimum sanctum aqueous extract demonstrated maximum antimicrobial activity against microorganisms responsible for dental caries at the 4% concentration level although 3% and 2% were also effective. Maximum activity was seen against S. mutans and S. sanguis with 4% extract. Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum aqueous extract was effective against all caries causing the microorganisms. Clinical significance: Dental caries is still a major oral disease in children which affects their quality of life. It is important to come up with an alternative oral hygiene aid which is easily available and with lesser side effects and maximum benefits by acting against caries causing microbes. Thus aqueous extract of commonly available tulsi is studied to know its effect on caries causing microorganisms. How to cite this article: Pai KR, Pallavi LK, Bhat SS, et al. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extract of "Ocimum Sanctum-Queen of Herb" on Dental Caries Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S176-S179.

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Background and objectives: Fluoride varnishes are being used to prevent caries in children. The high concentration of fluoride in varnishes apart from caries prevention may cause changes in surface properties of esthetic restorations. The study aims to evaluate and compare the effect of four commercially available fluoride varnishes with added calcium and phosphate on microhardness of three esthetic materials namely conventional GIC (Fuji II), high viscosity GIC (Fuji IX), and nanocomposite (Filtek Z350). Materials and methods: A total of 28 pellets were made of each material and stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 48 hours. The microhardness of the pellets was tested which served as a baseline. These were then randomly divided into four subgroups. In one subgroup Profluorid varnish was applied, second subgroup MI varnish was applied, third subgroup Embrace varnish was applied, and in the fourth subgroup Enamel Pro varnish was applied as per protocol. Thereafter, all the pellets were subjected to microhardness testing (load = 100 g for 15 seconds). Results: The fluoride varnishes increased the microhardness of conventional GIC (Fuji II) whereas in case of high viscosity GIC (Fuji IX) the application of varnishes reduced the microhardness. In case of nanocomposite restorative material (Filtek Z350) only Profluorid varnish increased its microhardness. Conclusion: Fluoride varnish and calcium-phosphate containing fluoride varnish effect on the microhardness of restorative material is material dependent. So, the choice of fluoride varnish with or without proprietary additives depends on the nature and composition of the restorative material. How to cite this article: Shetty RS, Bhat SS, HK Sundeep, et al. Effect of Fluoride-based Varnishes with Added Calcium and Phosphate on Microhardness of Esthetic Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(2):187-193.

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Thyroid dysfunction has various manifestations which include orofacial abnormalities like delayed eruption, retained deciduous teeth, etc. Early detection of this deregulation of thyroid homeostasis can prevent associated complications. This report is a case of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in a 4-year-old boy who presented with a completely edentulous maxilla and hypodontic mandible. Based on various biochemical and radiographic investigations, a diagnosis of CH was established. He was prosthodontically rehabilitated with removable dentures. How to cite this article: Bhat V, Bhat VS, Vadakkan J, et al. Prosthodontic Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism with Anodontia: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):586-589.

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PURPOSE: The current in vitro study was conducted to assess the remineralization potential of CPP-ACP and a customized dentifrice (tricalcium-phosphate) on artificial carious lesions using DIAGNOdent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one extracted premolars that satisfied the inclusion criteria were painted using acid-resistant nail varnish. A window of 4 × 4 mm was exposed on the center of the buccal surface of each tooth. After 20 minutes of drying, the baseline reading of enamel specimens was assessed using DIAGNOdent. The teeth were then immersed in a bath of demineralizing solution. An incubation period of 96 hours at 37°C resulted in artificial caries-like lesions on the specimen. Readings of the specimen within the window after demineralization were recorded using DIAGNOdent for all the samples. The specimens were divided into three groups randomly [group I-casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), group II-customized dentifrice, group III-artificial saliva]. Samples were subjected to the daily treatment regimen for a period of 30 days. The samples were evaluated for remineralization by laser fluorescent device (DIAGNOdent) on the 15th and 30th day, respectively. RESULTS: The statistical analysis was done using the Friedman test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon sign rank test, and Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that both CPP-ACP and customized dentifrice showed almost similar remineralization potential but CPP-ACP showed significant remineralization (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The DIAGNOdent observation conclusively proves that CPP-ACP and customized dentifrice remineralizes the demineralized tooth samples in vitro with CPP-ACP showing significant remineralization. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Arjun DS, Bhat SS, Hegde SK, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Two Remineralizing Agents on Artificial Carious Lesion Using DIAGNOdent. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):192-195.

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BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with wide spectrum of symptoms and few effective therapies. Evidence is suggestive of an association between immune system dysfunction and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children with ASD. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are found to be increased in the circulation of individuals with autism. The prospective study was aimed to estimate and correlate the levels of IgG4 in blood and saliva of children with autism. METHODOLOGY: Blood and unstimulated saliva were collected from 172 children (55 ASD, 57 healthy control, and 60 suspected parasitic infection) aged 0-18 years. Routine blood investigations were done. Serum and salivary IgG4 levels were analyzed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: ELISA tests showed that the IgG4 levels in serum and saliva were significantly increased (P<0.05) in children with ASD as compared to normal control children. Both serum and saliva IgG4 levels showed a significant positive correlation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: IgG4 can be used as a potential biomarker for the early detection of ASD. Further, saliva can be a diagnostic, noninvasive assessment tool for health monitoring of children with autism. Lay summary: The collection of saliva is easy and painless compared to other sample collection methods. The present study shows that, among children with autism, brain-reactive antibody, immunoglobulin G4 (gG4), is increased both in blood and saliva, and there is a significant correlation between the two levels. Therefore, the study recommends IgG4 as a potential biomarker for the early detection of autism, and saliva can be helpful in diagnosis and health monitoring of children with ASD.

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AIM: To determine the efficacy of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and calcium sucrose phosphate (CSP) on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans (SM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy children between 13 and 18 years of age were divided into two groups of 15 each; Group I receiving TCP-containing cream and Group II receiving calcium sucrose phosphate-containing cream. On the first day of the study, 30 minutes after breakfast, baseline plaque samples were taken from the buccal surface of first mandibular permanent molar using a sterile wedge which was immediately transferred to sterile container containing 1 mL of saline, and were subjected to microbiological examination. On the following days, both the creams were applied to the respective groups. On the 16th day, plaque samples were collected from the same site, and colony forming units were recorded using agar plate as a culture medium. RESULTS: The mean of S. mutans count before application of TCP-containing paste was 16.27 cfu per mL and before calcium sucrose phosphate-containing paste was 15.33 cfu per mL. The mean after application of TCP-containing paste and calcium sucrose phosphate-containing paste was 3.53 and 9.87 cfu per mL, respectively. And, there was a statistically significant difference found within the groups. CONCLUSION: Both TCP and CSP have an inhibitory effect on S. mutans. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This can be an effective preventive tool for children with high caries risk and even for special child. Both TCP and CSP deposit the mineral reservoir in plaque and saliva; it may help resist the future cariogenic challenges.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been found that the microorganism behind the failure of root-filled teeth is Enterococcus faecalis, which shows resistance to most of the intra-canal medicaments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of three intra-canal medications-calcium hydroxide with saline, combinations of calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and calcium hydroxide with 5% povidone-iodine-against E. faecalis in dentinal tubules of human incisors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty permanent maxillary central incisors were made into standardized segments and infected with E. faecalis. They were treated with a paste made of calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX, calcium hydroxide and 5% povidone-iodine, and calcium hydroxide and saline for 1 week. Dentinal shavings collected from the canal were suspended in thioglycollate broth solution and spread on brain heart infusion agar. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were enumerated and the CFU per milligram of dentin was calculated. The pH of the medicaments used was measured with the help of pH meter. RESULTS: The results showed that the paste made from calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX was significantly more effective than that made from calcium hydroxide and povidone-iodine, and calcium hydroxide and saline. The addition of CHX or povidone-iodine did not affect the alkalinity of calcium hydroxide. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that Ca(OH)2 + 2% CHX are effective against E. faecalis. Combinations of calcium hydroxide and 5% povidone-iodine showed better antibacterial effect than calcium hydroxide and saline. Ca(OH)2 + saline was ineffective against E. faecalis.

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BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a chronic disease among children and pneumonia is often seen in young children. Soluble CD14 (sCD14) protein is released by monocytes and changes in periodontal infection. The study aimed to estimate the level of salivary sCD14 in children with early childhood caries in association with pneumonia. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 52 children aged between 2 to 5 years. A total of 17 children who were caries free, with no past systemic illness; 17 children with dental caries with no history of systemic illness or dental treatment for caries, and 18 children with caries and pneumonia were included in the control and test groups respectively. Unstimulated saliva of all children was collected. All samples were tested using a commercial available sCD14 ELISA kit. RESULTS: The sCD14 level was elevated in all three groups. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean level of sCD14 values between the groups. Control group had the highest mean sCD14 values (15070.99 ± 4296.44), followed by the caries group (13629.83 ± 5603.76) and pneumonia group (8566.86 ± 4778.81). There is a significant difference between the groups with p=0.001. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that sCD14 can be used as an indicator of the healthy functioning of the oral cavity.

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AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the remineralization potential of Clinpro XT varnish containing tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and MI varnish containing casein phosphopeptide (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, CPP-ACP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty premolar teeth were taken and divided into three groups. Samples were sliced mesiodistally into buccal and lingual halves using a diamond disk bur. The buccal halves of the teeth were used for the study. Artificial caries like lesions were produced and evaluated with Diagnodent. The samples in each group were treated with the respective remineralizing agent (except for the control group) at every 24 hours for 7 days and the surfaces were assessed using Diagnodent to record the values after the remineralization procedure. The Diagnodent values obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the values calculated before and after remineralization in all the three groups. CONCLUSION: The study findings showed that MI varnish containing CPP-ACP had the highest release of fluoride as compared to the Clinpro fluoride releasing varnish. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: MI varnish is a 5% NaF varnish containing CPP-ACP to give an exceptional fluoride varnish that releases more bioavailable fluoride, calcium, and phosphate, hence, can be used successfully in remineralization of early carious lesions. CPP-ACP can be used in the clinical practice for reversing or arresting the early carious lesions. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Varma V, Hegde KS, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Remineralization Potential of Two Varnishes Containing CPP-ACP and Tricalcium Phosphate: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(3):233-236.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the changes in the cardiovascular parameters, blood pressure, and pulse rate due to anxiety in children undergoing dental extraction and restorative treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 150 children were included in the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The parameters were measured at four and three intervals for the extraction and restorative group, respectively. The obtained data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance test. RESULTS: In the extraction group, the change in blood pressure in female children (144 mm Hg) was significant compare to male children (141 mm Hg). In the restoration group, the change in blood pressure in male children (140/84 mm Hg) was found to be statistically more significant when compared to female children (139/85 mm Hg). The pulse rate change in both sexes was equally significant in restorative and extraction group. CONCLUSION: It can be inferred that pain and fear anxiety play important roles in the cardiovascular changes during dental treatment because there was significant change in blood pressure and pulse rate over time during dental treatment.

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AIM: The aim of the present study was to estimate nickel and chromium release from commercially available stainless steel crowns (SSCs) in artificial saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten crowns from three manufacturers were immersed in 10 ml of artificial saliva and stored in separate tubes in an incubator at 37°C for 28 days. The crowns were removed from each tube on every 7th day, and placed in other tubes with fresh artificial saliva. Flame type atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to check for the release of metal ions in the solution inside each tube at the end of 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and the control samples. RESULTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Two-way analysis of variance and pairwise comparison using Bonferroni test was used for statistical analysis. There was statistically verified difference in the release of nickel and chromium on different days in each of the group of SSCs tested. However, no significant difference was seen in the release of both metals among the groups. CONCLUSION: In all the SSCs tested, there was the release of nickel and chromium, but the total release of both the metals even at a period of 28 days was below the critical level to cause any toxic effects. Hence, the release of metal ions should not be an alarming concern for the use of any of the group of commercially available SSCs.

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Background and objectives The presence of mutans streptococci has been used in individual assessments of caries risk. In the modern era of dentistry, the chair side kits for assessing chair side cariogenic bacteria play a significant role. There is paucity of literature about the comparison of commercially available chair side caries risk tests. Hence this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of three commercially available chair side cariogenic bacteria tests. Methodology Twenty-five patients in the age group of 5-14 years were selected. The saliva samples of patients were collected and were taken for cariogenic bacteria tests using caries risk test (CRT) bacteria test kit and saliva check mutans kit (mutans rapid detection kit). The plaque samples were taken for CariScreen caries susceptibility testing meter. All the samples were compared with a gold standard, i.e., mitis salivarius-bacitracin (MSB) agar plate test. Results Results demonstrated that the specificity of CariScreen and caries risk test was 91.67 whereas it was 75.00 for saliva check mutans. The CariScreen produced the risk status of the patient in shortest time. However, all the chair side kits failed to show the exact colony count of bacteria. Conclusion The result of the current study proved that both CariScreen and caries risk test are highly efficient in assessing the caries risk of patients. However, the CariScreen is easy to perform and provides the result in shorter time.

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BACKGROUND: Injection of local anesthesia is one of the most important reasons for avoidance behavior in children. Applying a topical anesthetic before injection is the most popular way to control pain; however, topical anesthetics have some shortcomings such as longer duration of action, displeasing taste, and spread of the anesthetic agent to noninjection site areas. Cryoanesthesia using refrigerant as a topical anesthesia is being studied as an alternative to overcome the shortcomings of topical anesthetics and has shown promising results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this split-mouth design study, 50 children of aged 8-10 years who required bilateral mandibular local anesthesia administration were selected. In the first visit, application of topical anesthetic spray (lidocaine) on one side and during the second appointment cryoanesthetic tetrafluorethane on the other side was used before local anesthetic administration. Patients were asked to report their discomfort and pain using visual analog scale (VAS) (subjective method). Patients' pain perception during injection is assessed by sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale by the dentist (objective method). RESULTS: The results were statistically analyzed using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney tests. In VAS scale (subjective method), pain scores were significantly lower in tetrafluorethane group when compared with lidocaine group. In SEM scale (objective method), pain scores were lower in tetrafluorethane group when compared with lidocaine group, but it was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: Precooling the injection site using refrigerant tetrafluorethane spray has shown to be effective in eliminating pain before local anesthesia administration in children when compared with topical anesthetic lidocaine spray.

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BACKGROUND: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin synthesis characterized by deformed erythrocytes. Hemoglobin S present in sickle-shaped erythrocytes exhibits an enhanced rate of auto-oxidation compared with normal hemoglobin A. It produces more of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which promotes oxidatively stressed environment. ROS degrade the membranes of sickle cell erythrocytes composed of polyunsaturated lipids and form malondialdehyde (MDA) as a by-product. AIM: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the MDA levels of serum and saliva in SCA patients. DESIGN: A total of 150 children aged 4-12 years were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 75) consisting of children suffering from SCA and Group B (n = 75) consisting of healthy children. Blood and saliva samples were collected aseptically from both the groups, and they were subjected to thiobarbituric acid assay. Absorbance was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 531 nm, and the values of concentration of MDA were derived. RESULTS: The mean MDA levels in serum and saliva were 8.9825 ± 1.04 and 0.5152 ± 0.28, respectively, in Group A and they were found to be higher than mean MDA levels of serum (5.87 ± 0.92) and saliva (0.2929 ± 0.06) of Group B and the difference of their mean was found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: A significant correlation of the MDA was found in saliva and serum of the patients with SCA. This finding suggests that saliva can be effectively used as a noninvasive alternative for assessing the oxidative stress in patients with SCA.

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AIM: The aim of this study is to assess the maternal risk factors and its relationship with early childhood caries (ECC) among preschoolchildren in Mangaluru city. METHODS: Children aged 3-5 years attending preschool (Anganwadi) and their mothers were included in the study. A total of 120 child-mother pairs participated in the study. The maternal risk factors were assessed by a pretested questionnaire. After obtaining the consent, the mother and their children were clinically examined for dental caries using the WHO criteria (1997). Results were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: Significant difference was found in mother's caries activity, high level of Streptococcus mutans, brushing frequency, diet of the mother, and their child's caries experience. CONCLUSION: A relationship between maternal risk factors and ECC is a result of a multifactorial and a comprehensive model that includes psychological and behavioral aspects. Caries prevention strategy should be that every child should receive oral care before age of one so that needful children can be instituted with preventive measures and their parents can be targeted for educational programs.

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AIMS: This study aims to compare the efficacy of a mango (Mangifera indica) leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque status, gingival status, and salivary Streptococcus mutans count. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of twenty children, aged 8-14 years, Mangalore Residential School, Karnataka, India, was allocated into two groups. Group A (10) and Group B (10) were given test mouthwash "mango leaf mouthwash" and chlorhexidine, respectively. The clinical trial was carried out for ½ h after rinsing and after 5 days, during which children were asked to rinse once daily, with 10 ml of the given mouthwash ½ h after tooth brushing. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in microbial count, improved plaque control and gingival health in mango leaf and chlorhexidine mouthwash groups with higher reduction in microbial count, and better plaque control and gingival health seen in chlorhexidine group. CONCLUSION: Herbal alternatives proved to be an effective and safe alternative to conventional modes of treatment.

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