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The subareolar Sappey's plexus was studied using color lymphography and immunohistochemical methods with a panel of antibodies to podoplanin, smooth muscle actin, low molecular weight cytokeratin AE1/AE3, and GATA3 on archival material obtained during radical mastectomies and sectoral resections with lymph node dissection from 86 patients diagnosed with non-special type breast cancer. At the macro- and microscopic levels, the connection between the subareolar lymphatic plexus and the lymphatic system of the breast parenchyma has been demonstrated. In triple negative breast cancer with metastases to the axillary lymph nodes, the involvement of subareolar lymphatic plexus into lymphogenous metastasis to the lymph nodes of the axillary lymphatic collector was shown.

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Invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type is the most common type of breast cancer. In light of the above, many authors have reported the histological and electron microscopic characteristics of these tumors. On the other hand, a limited number of works exist where the authors have concentrated on investigating the extracellular matrix. This article presents data received as the results of light and electron microscopic examination of the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and cellular microenvironment of invasive breast ductal carcinoma of no special type. The authors have shown that the processes of stroma formation in the IDC NOS type are associated with the presence of fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and other cells. It was also shown the detailed interaction of the above cells with each other, as well as with vessels and fibrillar proteins such as collagen and elastin. The microcirculatory component is characterized by histophysiological heterogeneity, which manifests as the activation of angiogenesis, relative vascular differentiation, and regression of individual microcirculation components.

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Paget's disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and usually the areola. At the same time, most patients also have one or more tumors in the immediate vicinity of the focus of mammary Paget's disease. This tumor must be distinguished from normal or atypical Toker cells, and also differentiated from diseases such as Bowen's disease of the nipple and melanocytic lesions of the nipple and areola region, including nipple melanoma and BAP1-inactivated nevus (Wiesner nevus). Currently, there is no routine pathological diagnostic algorithm for these conditions. The aim of the work is to formulate a clear clinical and morphological algorithm for diagnosing Paget's disease of the breast and Toker cells, Bowen's disease of the nipple and areola, as well as melanoma and BAP1-inactivated nevi of the above localizations. Surgical material obtained from patients with Paget's disease of the breast (18), Toker cells of the nipple (2), Bowen's disease of the nipple (6), melanoma of the nipple (1), BAP1-inactivated nevus (1) was studied. The material was examined histologically with hematoxylin and eosin staining, Alcian blue and PAS reaction, as well as immunohistochemically with the following panel of antibodies: CD138, p53, CK8, CK7, HER2/neu, EMA, HMB-45, Melan A, S-100, p63, p16 and BAP1. An easy-to-learn pathoanatomical algorithm for diagnosing Paget's cancer has been developed, which will be especially useful for pathologists who encounter pathology of the nipple and areola in their work.

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The article presents a case of primary liver choriocarcinoma in a 36-year-old man. The patient was admitted to the hospital with signs of rapidly developing multiple organ failure, in connection with which the diagnosis was verified at autopsy according to histological and immunohistochemical studies. Diagnostic criteria and treatment options for this disease are insufficiently developed due to its rarity. To date, 11 clinical cases of primary choriocarcinoma of the liver in males have been described in the international literature. The article presents a review of the literature, as well as describes all published clinical observations of the disease.

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The changes occurring in the extracellular matrix structure and composition greatly affect cell behavior. The present investigation has indicated that active tenascin-C expression is observed in malignant pheochromocytomas, suggesting the altered composition of the extracellular matrix, there is also activation of metalloproteinase-9 and cyclooxygenase-2, which play an important role in many biological processes, including the invasion and metastatic spread of tumor cells, as well as in neoangiogenesis. Benign pheochromocytomas display a slight immunopositive staining of these antigens.

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Morphological examination of 22 functionally active adrenal pheochromocytomas was carried out. The content of catecholamine granules in tumor cells and in the number of sustentacular cells tended to decrease in metastasizing tumors. Electron microscopy showed two types of sustentacular cells and the possibility of their apoptotic death.

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Comparative assessment of methods of silver impregnation for pathohistological identification of Treponema pallidum in gastric syphilis was performed. Levaditi impregnation is preferable in cases of gastrectomy. Silver impregnation in histological slides is performed for studying endoscopic biopsies in view of their small size as well as for retrospective analysis when paraffin blocks only are available. Steiner's method in modification with the use of microwave stove allows better identification of Treponema pallidum than impregnation by Vartin-Starri. Helicobacter pylori may also be identified by silver impregnation. Association of syphilitic and Helicobacter infections deteriorates inflammatory and destructive lesions in the stomach.

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67 renal biopsies obtained in the course of adrenalectomy from patients with primary hyperaldosteronism, hypercorticism and pheochromocytoma were studied. Sclerotic affection of the arterioles and renal interstitium were found in long lasting adrenal arterial hypertension. This may cause residual postoperative hypertension. Endocrine nephropathy in primary hyperaldosteronism due to hypopotassemia and alcalosis manifests with vacuolar distrophy and atrophy of the epithelium, dilatation of tubular lumen, intratubular calcinosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis. Primary hyperaldosteronism was characterized by hypoplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) but in massive spironolacton therapy signs of enhanced renin-secreting function of the glomerular efferent arteriola may be observed. In hypercorticism pyelonephritis is rather frequent. In patients with pheochromocytoma hypercatecholaminemia may result in JGA activation this being particularly evident in renal artery stenosis. Recurrent hypertension after pheochromocytoma removal in the absence of renal pathology may indicate recurrent tumor or missed second tumor.

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18 adrenocortical tumours and 5 pheochromocytomas were studied immunohistochemically. Expression of synaptophysin and chromogranin A was found in cells of cortical adenomas, "frontier" neoplasms and in 20-75% of carcinoma cells, this ultramicroscopically was confirmed by observation of typical neuroendocrine granules. Some groups of cells of cortico-medullary tumours also expressed proteins of neural differentiation (protein S-100).

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To create the controlled model of respiratory mecoplasmosis, laboratory animals with induced immunodefeciency were infected with M. pneumoniae strain having different degrees of virulence. Immunodeficient state was induced in susceptible animals (hamsters) by the injection of cyclophosphamide. The infection of immunodeficient animals with a virulent strain induced the development of severe manifest pneumonia with 50% mortality rate. The infection of the animals with induced immunodeficiency with the avirulent strain attenuated in the process of 10-year subculturing in acellular media led to the development of moderate pneumonia characterized by the proliferation of the infective agent in pulmonary tissues and the presence of pathomorphological changes. The simultaneous infection of control hamsters with the same strain did not induce the development of infection. The infection of the experimental animals with the avirulent strain in the presence of induced immunodeficiency resulted in the partial restoration of the virulent properties of the strain, which was manifested by the activation of the capacity of the infective agent for colonization and proliferation in body tissues of the animals.

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Pathomorphology of pneumonia induced by successive contamination of the Syrian hamsters with a pathogenic strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and an influenza virus A/PR8/34 as well as after contamination with an influenza virus against the background of a previous administration of the mycoplasma membrane fractions was studied. Mixed Mycoplasma-viral infection results in a tumor-like bronchiolar epithelium proliferation having a morphological similarity with bronchiolo-alveolar or acinar carcinoma, influenza virus infection against the background of a previous administration of protein fractions of mycoplasma membranes resulted in a chronization of pneumonia with development of several types of morphological changes: reversible tumour-like proliferation of the bronchiolo-alveolar epithelium, "inflammatory" pseudotumours and sarcoid-like granulomas.

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The authors analyse the literature data and propose original assumptions on the role of deranged cellular alterations and persistent carriage of viruses in secondary immunodeficiencies. These are suggested to promote the onset of tumor or tumor-like growth by means of compensatory mechanisms of proliferation enhanced in the conditions of local disorder of immunocompetent cells cooperation.

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The authors studied morphological alterations in the lungs of Syrian hamsters infected intranasally with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and influenza virus. The animals were first infected with M. pneumoniae and after 7 days with influenza A/PR8 virus. On days 1-3 after infection with influenza virus (days 8-11 following infection with M. pneumoniae) the animals showed the appearance of multiple foci of bronchiolar epithelium proliferation. At the later stages of experiment the size of the foci of proliferation increased. On days 14-21 after infection with influenza virus (days 21-28 of experiment) the animals developed lung tumors.

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The ultrastructural changes in the lungs were studied in aerosol infecting of Syrian hamsters with M.pneumoniae culture (10(8)--10(9) CFU, at a rate of 0.1 ml per animal). It was found that the pathological process began with an intensive vascular reaction followed by a very speedy interstitial and serous-desquamative pneumonia with hemorrhagic component. Mycoplasmae in the lungs were seen in the lumen of the vessels being in close contact with red cells and leukocytes, which points to a possibility of hematogenic dissemination. Phagocytosis of mycoplasmae by macrophages and endothelial cells was found. Mycoplasmae changed their ultrastructure in the course of interaction with the macroorganism.

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Respiratory organs of newborn rats inoculated intranasally with broth culture of Myc. hominis were studied by the histological, histochemical and immunofluorescence methods. Tracheitis and development of purulent and interstitial pneumonia with a hemorrhagic component were revealed 24 hours after the infection. These changes were observed up to the 7th day of the experiment. At the same period a specific fluorescence of the Myc. hominis antigen was found by the antibody fluorescent test. The present study pointed to the pathogenicity of the Myc. hominis for the respiratory tract of the newborn rats.

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Morphological changes in the lympho-reticular organs (the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen) were studied and the content of the RNA was determined by the biochemical method in 92 rats during the growth of the glioblastoma multiforme (strain 101/12) in the brain. The reaction of the organs of immunogenesis depended on the stage of the disease. On the 6th day after the transplantation of the tumour the increased activity of the epithelial-reticular portion of the thymus, hyperplasia of the follicles in the lymph nodes, and increased produciton of the RNA was observed. As to the tumour-bearing animals the destruction of the lymphoid elements and decreased synthesis of the RNA was noted. A giradual cell depletion of the spleen was revealed morphologically.

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