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Snakebite accidents are a public health problem that affects the whole world, causing thousands of deaths and amputations each year. In Brazil, snakebite envenomations are caused mostly by snakes from the Bothrops genus. The local symptoms are characterized by pain, swelling, ecchymosis, and hemorrhages. Systemic disturbances can lead to necrosis and amputations. The present treatment consists of intravenous administration of bothropic antivenom, which is capable of reversing most of the systemic symptoms, while presenting limitations to treat the local effects, such as hemorrhage and to neutralize the snake venom serine protease (SVSP). In this context, we aimed to evaluate the activity of selective serine protease inhibitors (pepC and pepB) in combination with the bothropic antivenom in vivo. Further, we assessed their possible synergistic effect in the treatment of coagulopathy and hemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom. For this, we evaluated the in vivo activity in mouse models of local hemorrhage and a series of in vitro hemostasis assays. Our results showed that pepC and pepB, when combinated with the antivenom, increase its protective activity in vivo and decrease the hemostatic disturbances in vitro with high selectivity, possibly by inhibiting botropic proteases. These data suggest that the addition of serine protease inhibitor to the antivenom can improve its overall potential.

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Introducción: La diarrea del viajero es causa frecuente de hospitalización en turistas internacionales. Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínico-epidemiológicas de los pacientes adultos ingresados por diarrea del viajero en la Clínica Internacional de Trinidad durante los años 2015 al 2017. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de los 699 pacientes adultos con diarrea del viajero que requirieron de ingreso en el periodo de estudio. Se revisaron sus historias clínicas para analizar la frecuencia en que estuvieron presentes algunas variables sociodemográficas y clínico-epidemiológicas. Para analizar los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva con distribución de frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: El grupo etario entre 19 y 40 años tuvo un 60,52 por ciento de pacientes afectados; el 58,23 por ciento en el sexo femenino, con una incidencia mayor en los meses de julio (12,88 por ciento) y febrero (12,44 por ciento). Los viajeros procedentes de países europeos representaron el 76,97 por ciento ; el 74,96 por ciento se hospedó en casas particulares. El 1,85 por ciento de los afectados presentaba antecedentes de enfermedad gastrointestinal; el 76,11 por ciento requirió de 1 a 6 h de observación, con deshidratación leve (59,66 por ciento) y moderada (21,75 por ciento). El vómito y las náuseas se presentaron en el 58,37 por ciento de los pacientes y en el 60,73 por ciento la causa no fue precisada. Conclusiones: Las variables sociodemográficas y clínico-epidemiológicas seleccionadas permitieron describir características de los pacientes adultos ingresados por diarrea del viajero. Se recomienda profundizar en el estudio para contribuir a su prevención y optimizar la atención(AU)

Introduction: Traveler's diarrhea is a frequent cause of hospitalization of international tourists. Objective: Describe the sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of adult patients admitted for traveler's diarrhea to Trinidad International Clinic in the period 2015-2017. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted of the 699 adult patients with traveler's diarrhea who required hospitalization in the study period. The patients' medical records were reviewed to analyze the frequency of some sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables. Data analysis was based on descriptive statistics with frequency and percentage distribution. Results: 60.52 percent of the patients affected were in the 19-40 years age group, 58.23 percent were female, and the highest incidence was observed in the months of July (12.88 percent) and February (12.4 4 percent ). Travelers from European countries represented 76.97 percent, and 74.96 percent were staying in private dwellings. Of the patients affected, 1.85 percent had a history of gastrointestinal disease; 76.11percent required 1-6 hours of observation; dehydration was mild in 59.66 percent and moderate in 21.75 percent. Vomiting and nausea were present in 58.37 percent of the patients; in 60.73 percent the cause was not determined. Conclusions: The sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables selected made it possible to characterize the adult patients admitted for traveler's diarrhea. Further research is recommended to contribute to the prevention this disease. Further research is recommended to contribute to the prevention this disease and optimize care(AU)

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This study aimed at evaluating the influence of dietary glutamine, glutamic acid and nucleotides on duodenal and jejunal carbon turnover, and on mucosa morphometry of piglets weaned at an age of 21 days. The diets were: additive-free diet - control (C); 1% of glutamine (G); 1% of glutamic acid (GA); and 1% of nucleotides (N). In intestinal mucosa morphometry trial, 65 animals were used. At day 0 (baseline), five animals were slaughtered to determine the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH : CD ratio and villi density (VD). The remaining 60 animals were allocated into a randomized block design with 4×3 factorial arrangement (four diets: C - control, G - glutamine, GA - glutamic acid and N - nucleotides; three slaughter ages: 7, 14 and 21 days post-weaning) with five piglets slaughtered per treatment. In carbon turnover trial, 123 animals were used. At day 0 (baseline), three animals were slaughtered to quantify the δ 13C half-life (T50%) and the 99% carbon substitution (T99%) on intestinal mucosa. The remaining 120 animals were blocked by three weight categories (light, medium and heavy) and, randomly assigned to pen with the same four diets from the previous trial with one piglet slaughtered per weight category per treatment at days 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 20, 27 and 49 after weaning. Morphometric analyses have yielded no consistent results regarding the action of the evaluated additives, and few reproducible age-related effects. The N diets determined lower T50% values (5.18 days) and T99% (17.21 days) than G and C diets (T50%=7.29, 7.58 days and T99%=24.22, 25.17 days, respectively) in the duodenal mucosa. In jejunum, the N, GA and G diets determined the lowest T50% means (4.9, 6.2 and 6.7 days, respectively) and T99% means (15.34, 21.10 and 21.84 days, respectively) in comparison with C diets (T50%=7.44 and T99%=24.72 days). The inclusion of the additives in the diets of piglets accelerated the carbon turnover in piglets during the post-weaning period. The stable isotopes technique (δ 13C) is an important methodology in studies of additives with trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa of the piglets.

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Most of amino acid (AA) digestibility values for feed ingredients are obtained using pigs cannulated in the distal ileum. The ileal-cannulated pig model uses pigs older than six weeks due to difficulties related to implanting the T-cannula in distal ileum of younger pigs and complications during the post-surgical recovery. However, to properly formulate the diet of weaned pigs, the nutritive value of feed ingredients should be determined with younger pigs. Thus, 25 weaned pigs were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) ileal AA digestibility of broken rice (BR), with or without multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation. Piglets were weaned at 23 d of age and individually housed in digestibility cages until 45 d of age. The trial consisted of 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 3 d of excreta (feces and urine) collection. Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter (about 6 weeks of age). A completely randomized experimental design was used to determine the effects of MC and Phy. Reference diets (RD, 5% casein) was replaced by 30% of BR with or without MC, Phy, or MC+Phy. The RD was used to quantify endogenous AA losses. BR with Phy supplied had increased the ATTD of dry matter (p<0.05) and SID of histidine (p = 0.05), arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, alanine, and proline (p<0.05). BR with MC had been increased digestible energy and protein and SID for histidine (p<0.05). There was no interaction between Phy and MC on the BR nutrient digestibilities. Standardized amino acid digestibilities of BR, without enzymes, were lower than those values reported in the literature. The MC and Phy improved the digestibility of some nutrients and energy of BR in post-weaned piglet diets.

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Castration is a controversial practice in swine production because in some countries is still performed without anaesthesia, and therefore causes intense suffering and stress to animals. This study investigated the effect of pre-surgical administration of local anaesthesia (LA) on the growth performance of piglets until the end of the growth phase (102 days). Piglets aged 3 to 5 days were selected in pairs of similar weights and same age. They were originated from 22 litters. The groups were randomly assigned to one of two treatments. Castration was performed with (LA; n = 45) or without (NLA; n = 45) intra-testicular administration of 0.5 mL of 2% lidocaine plus adrenaline per testicle, administered by an automatic repeating vaccinator. Castration was performed 10 min later. Average daily weight gain and economic impact were evaluated between the intervals before castration until 21 (weaning phase), before castration until 60 (end of the initial nursery phase) and before castration until 102 (growth phase) days of age. Average daily weight gain data were analyzed by comparing the average daily weight gain between the weaning phase, 60 and 102 days of age versus the initial weight (pre-castration). At the end of the growing phase, animals treated with LA showed greater weight gain than animals castrated without anaesthesia. LA also showed improved cost:benefit ratio and theore might provide greater economic benefit under the conditions used in this study. Our findings have proved that castration with LA improves long-term weight gain of piglets.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de leitões alimentados com duas fontes de óleos (soja e palma) em associação com maltodextrina e do blend de óleo de palma microencapsulado com maltodextrina, bem como os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dessas dietas. Utilizaram-se 162 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias, com peso médio inicial de 5,42 ± 0,55 kg, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três tratamentos e dezoito repetições compostas de três animais. Os tratamentos avaliados foram T1: rações com óleo de soja [3,03% nas dietas pré-iniciais (I) e iniciais (II)] e maltodextrina (10,00% na I e 5,93% na II); T2: rações com óleo de palma (3,03% na I e II) e maltodextrina (10,00% na I e 5,93% na II); T3: rações com óleo de palma microencapsulado pela maltodextrina na forma de blend (10,00% na I e II) e maltodextrina adicional ao blend (4,07% na I), para que a percentagem de maltodextrina permanecesse idêntica nas rações dos três tratamentos. Os dados de desempenho e digestibilidade foram submetidos à análise de variância, respectivamente, pelo procedimento MIXED e GLM do pacote estatístico SAS, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P0,05) para o CDR, GDP e CA dos leitões submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos. O CDA da MS foi 4,25% menor (P<0,05) para a dieta com óleo de palma microencapsulado pela maltodextrina em relação à dieta com óleo de soja...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of piglets fed two sources of oil (soybean and palm oil) combined with maltodextrin and a blend of palm oil microencapsulated with maltodextrin, as well as the apparent digestibility coefficients of these diets. A total of 162 piglets weaned at 21 days, with a mean initial weight of 5.42 ± 0.55 kg, were allocated in a randomized block design consisting of three treatments and 18 replicates of three animals each. The following treatments were evaluated: T1: diet containing soybean oil [3.03% in the pre-initial (I) and initial (II) diets] and maltodextrin (10.0% in I and 5.93% in II); T2: diet containing palm oil (3.03% in I and II) and maltodextrin (10.0% in I and 5.93% in II); T3: diet containing a blend of palm oil microencapsulated with maltodextrin (10.0% in I and II) and maltodextrin added to the blend (4.07% in I) so that the percentage of maltodextrin would be identical in the diets of the three treatments. The performance and digestibility data were submitted to analysis of variance using the MIXED and GLM procedures, respectively, of the SAS package and means were compared by the Tukey test (P0.05) in DFI, ADG or FC were observed between piglets submitted to the different treatments. The ADC of dry matter was 4.25% lower (P<0.05) for the diet containing palm oil microencapsulated with maltodextrin compared to the soybean oil diet. The ADC of ether extract was 54% higher (P<0.05) in the soybean oil diet compared to the palm oil diet, which negatively affected the ether extract digestibility coefficient...

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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de leitões alimentados com duas fontes de óleos (soja e palma) em associação com maltodextrina e do blend de óleo de palma microencapsulado com maltodextrina, bem como os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dessas dietas. Utilizaram-se 162 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias, com peso médio inicial de 5,42 ± 0,55 kg, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três tratamentos e dezoito repetições compostas de três animais. Os tratamentos avaliados foram T1: rações com óleo de soja [3,03% nas dietas pré-iniciais (I) e iniciais (II)] e maltodextrina (10,00% na I e 5,93% na II); T2: rações com óleo de palma (3,03% na I e II) e maltodextrina (10,00% na I e 5,93% na II); T3: rações com óleo de palma microencapsulado pela maltodextrina na forma de blend (10,00% na I e II) e maltodextrina adicional ao blend (4,07% na I), para que a percentagem de maltodextrina permanecesse idêntica nas rações dos três tratamentos. Os dados de desempenho e digestibilidade foram submetidos à análise de variância, respectivamente, pelo procedimento MIXED e GLM do pacote estatístico SAS, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05). O consumo diário de ração (CDR), ganho diário de peso (GDP) e conversão alimentar (CA) foram avaliados nos períodos de 0 a 16 dias e 0 a 32 dias pós-desmame. Na segunda semana experimental, os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta e extrato etéreo (EE) foram mensurados pelo método da coleta parcial de fezes. Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) para o CDR, GDP e CA dos leitões submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos. O CDA da MS foi 4,25% menor (P<0,05) para a dieta com óleo de palma microencapsulado pela maltodextrina em relação à dieta com óleo de soja...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of piglets fed two sources of oil (soybean and palm oil) combined with maltodextrin and a blend of palm oil microencapsulated with maltodextrin, as well as the apparent digestibility coefficients of these diets. A total of 162 piglets weaned at 21 days, with a mean initial weight of 5.42 ± 0.55 kg, were allocated in a randomized block design consisting of three treatments and 18 replicates of three animals each. The following treatments were evaluated: T1: diet containing soybean oil [3.03% in the pre-initial (I) and initial (II) diets] and maltodextrin (10.0% in I and 5.93% in II); T2: diet containing palm oil (3.03% in I and II) and maltodextrin (10.0% in I and 5.93% in II); T3: diet containing a blend of palm oil microencapsulated with maltodextrin (10.0% in I and II) and maltodextrin added to the blend (4.07% in I) so that the percentage of maltodextrin would be identical in the diets of the three treatments. The performance and digestibility data were submitted to analysis of variance using the MIXED and GLM procedures, respectively, of the SAS package and means were compared by the Tukey test (P<0.05). Daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) were evaluated from 0 to 16 days and from 0 to 32 days postweaning. In the second week of the experiment, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract were measured by partial feces collection. No differences (P>0.05) in DFI, ADG or FC were observed between piglets submitted to the different treatments. The ADC of dry matter was 4.25% lower (P<0.05) for the diet containing palm oil microencapsulated with maltodextrin compared to the soybean oil diet. The ADC of ether extract was 54% higher (P<0.05) in the soybean oil diet compared to the palm oil diet, which negatively affected the ether extract digestibility coefficient...(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on gamma radiation levels on the physical and microbiological characteristics of chicken breast meat. A completely randomized experimental design in a 4x2x3 factorial arrangement was adopted. Treatments consisted of four radiation concentrations (0, 2, 4, or 8kGy), two package sealing methods (with or without vacuum), and three storage times (01, 07, or 14 days), with ten replicates each, totaling 240 chicken breast fillets. Packaging and radiation had no influence (p>0.05) on chicken breast meat pH, water retention capacity, or presence of Salmonella spp. Breast fillets not submitted to radiation and vacuum packed presented higher water retention capacity (p 0.05) than those radiated at 4kGy and vacuum packed. Drip loss in fillets radiated at 8kGy and not vacuum packed was higher (p 0.05) than in non-radiated and non-vacuum packed fillets; however, both were not different from the other treatments. Coliform presence increased with storage time in non-radiated samples; however, when these were vacuum-packed, their development was slower. The results of the present experiment suggest that the use of a low radiation dose (2kGy), combined with vacuum packing, may minimize the harmful effects of storage on chicken breast fillets.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on gamma radiation levels on the physical and microbiological characteristics of chicken breast meat. A completely randomized experimental design in a 4x2x3 factorial arrangement was adopted. Treatments consisted of four radiation concentrations (0, 2, 4, or 8kGy), two package sealing methods (with or without vacuum), and three storage times (01, 07, or 14 days), with ten replicates each, totaling 240 chicken breast fillets. Packaging and radiation had no influence (p>0.05) on chicken breast meat pH, water retention capacity, or presence of Salmonella spp. Breast fillets not submitted to radiation and vacuum packed presented higher water retention capacity (p 0.05) than those radiated at 4kGy and vacuum packed. Drip loss in fillets radiated at 8kGy and not vacuum packed was higher (p 0.05) than in non-radiated and non-vacuum packed fillets; however, both were not different from the other treatments. Coliform presence increased with storage time in non-radiated samples; however, when these were vacuum-packed, their development was slower. The results of the present experiment suggest that the use of a low radiation dose (2kGy), combined with vacuum packing, may minimize the harmful effects of storage on chicken breast fillets.(AU)

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Among the different feed additives studied in poultry production, clinoptilolite, an aluminosilicate capable of adsorbing harmful substances and of improving live performance and egg and meat quality, was evaluated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of dietary clinoptilolite and calcium levels on the performance and egg quality of layers. In total, 576 layers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement (three calcium levels - 2.5, 3.1, or 3.7% and four clinoptilolite levels - 0.0, 0.15, 0.25, or 0.50%), with 12 treatments of six replicates of eight birds each. The experiment included four 28-d cycles. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal. Results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level using SISVAR statistical package. There was a significant interaction between the evaluated factors for egg production and feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs and egg mass. The lowest calcium level resulted in worse performance and eggshell quality. Clinoptilolite levels affected albumen and yolk content. It was concluded that up to 0.50% inclusion of clinoptilolite in layer diets does not benefit layer performance or eggshell quality. Although the inclusion of only 2.5% calcium in layer diets is not recommended, it is possible to add 3.1% because it promoted similar results as the recommended level of 3.7%.

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Among the different feed additives studied in poultry production, clinoptilolite, an aluminosilicate capable of adsorbing harmful substances and of improving live performance and egg and meat quality, was evaluated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of dietary clinoptilolite and calcium levels on the performance and egg quality of layers. In total, 576 layers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement (three calcium levels - 2.5, 3.1, or 3.7% and four clinoptilolite levels - 0.0, 0.15, 0.25, or 0.50%), with 12 treatments of six replicates of eight birds each. The experiment included four 28-d cycles. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal. Results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level using SISVAR statistical package. There was a significant interaction between the evaluated factors for egg production and feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs and egg mass. The lowest calcium level resulted in worse performance and eggshell quality. Clinoptilolite levels affected albumen and yolk content. It was concluded that up to 0.50% inclusion of clinoptilolite in layer diets does not benefit layer performance or eggshell quality. Although the inclusion of only 2.5% calcium in layer diets is not recommended, it is possible to add 3.1% because it promoted similar results as the recommended level of 3.7%.(AU)

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La epilepsia es una enfermedad crónica no transmisible caracterizada por su elevada prevalencia en las edades más jóvenes. Objetivos: describir las características clínico epidemiológicas de los niños y adolescentes con diagnóstico de epilepsia, radicados en el municipio de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal de enero a diciembre del año 2011; en el análisis de los datos se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se registró una prevalencia de pacientes con epilepsia de 7,86 por cada 1000 habitantes, la que resultó mayor entre los 10 y 18 años de edad, con similar distribución en ambos sexos y predominio en la raza blanca. Resultaron más frecuentes en estos pacientes las crisis focales. Todos los enfermos están escolarizados y el 92,8 porciento se encuentran controlados en su consultorio de la familia. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados en cuanto a prevalencia de epilepsia en niños y adolescentes radicados en el municipio Sancti Spiritus, resultan superiores a la prevalencia estimada para Cuba. Existió un predominio de las crisis focales y un elevado porcentaje de control de los enfermos según la educación escolarizada y el seguimiento de estos pacientes en la atención primaria de salud(AU)

Epilepsy is a non transmissible chronic disease characterized by its prevalence in the younger ages. Objectives: to describe the clinical epidemiological characteristics in children and adolescents with epilepsy diagnosis living in Sancti Spíritus. Methodology: a descriptive investigation was carried out in a transversal cut from January to December 2011; in the data analysis some descriptive statistical techniques were used. Results: it was registered a prevalence of patients with epilepsy of 7.86 per every 1000 inhabitants which was greater between 10 and 18 years old with similar distribution in both sexes mainly in the white race. Focal crisis were the most frequent in these patients. All the patients have 92.8 percent of school level and they are controlled by their family doctors. Conclusions: the results found according to the prevalence of epilepsy in children and adolescents in Sancti Spíritus municipality are higher than the prevalence estimated in Cuba. There were more focal crisis and high percentage of control of the patient according to the education level and the follow up of these in the primary care of health(AU)

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Fundamento: la epilepsia es una enfermedad crónica no transmisible necesitada de control en la atención primaria de salud. Objetivos: determinar las características clínico epidemiológicas de los pacientes adultos con epilepsia en el municipio Sancti Spiritus. Metodología: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal, desde enero a diciembre del año 2010; en el análisis de los datos se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se registró una prevalencia de pacientes con epilepsia de 9,60 por cada 1000 habitantes, la que resultó mayor entre los 15 y 19 años de edad, con similar distribución en ambos sexos. Predominaron en estos pacientes las crisis focales. La mayoría de los enfermos estaban escolarizados y desarrollaban una vida laboral activa, pero solamente la tercera parte mantenía relaciones conyugales estables. Conclusiones: la epilepsia constituye una enfermedad frecuente en la población adulta del municipio Sancti Spíritus, donde se define como un importante problema de salud en el joven; debe prestarse atención diferenciada a los aspectos psicosociales relacionados con esta enfermedad así como un mayor esfuerzo para incrementar su control integral en el consultorio médico de la familia(AU)

Epilepsy is a non transmissible chronic disease which needs control in the primary care of health. Objectives: to determine the clinical epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with epilepsy in Sancti Spíritus municipality. Methodology: a transversal descriptive investigation was carried out from January to December 2010; in the data analysis descriptive and statistical techniques were used. Results: there was a prevalence of patients with epilepsy of 9.60 per every 1000 inhabitants being the greater prevalence between 15 and 19 years old with the similar distribution in both sexes. There was a greater prevalence in focal crisis. Most of the patients had certain level of education and they had an active working life but only a third part had stable marital relations. Conclusions: epilepsy constitutes a frequent disease in the adult population of Sancti Spíritus municipality where it is defined as an important problem of health in young people. We must pay attention to psychosocial aspects related to this disease as well as a greater effort to increase its integral control in the family doctor office(AU)

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Fundamento: la epilepsia es una enfermedad crónica no transmisible necesitada de control en la atención primaria de salud. Objetivos: determinar las características clínico epidemiológicas de los pacientes adultos con epilepsia en el municipio Sancti Spiritus. Metodología: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal, desde enero a diciembre del año 2010; en el análisis de los datos se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se registró una prevalencia de pacientes con epilepsia de 9,60 por cada 1000 habitantes, la que resultó mayor entre los 15 y 19 años de edad, con similar distribución en ambos sexos. Predominaron en estos pacientes las crisis focales. La mayoría de los enfermos estaban escolarizados y desarrollaban una vida laboral activa, pero solamente la tercera parte mantenía relaciones conyugales estables. Conclusiones: la epilepsia constituye una enfermedad frecuente en la población adulta del municipio Sancti Spíritus, donde se define como un importante problema de salud en el joven; debe prestarse atención diferenciada a los aspectos psicosociales relacionados con esta enfermedad así como un mayor esfuerzo para incrementar su control integral en el consultorio médico de la familia.

Background: epilepsy is a non transmissible chronic disease which needs control in the primary care of health. Objectives: to determine the clinical epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with epilepsy in Sancti Spíritus municipality. Methodology: a transversal descriptive investigation was carried out from January to December 2010; in the data analysis descriptive and statistical techniques were used. Results: there was a prevalence of patients with epilepsy of 9.60 per every 1000 inhabitants being the greater prevalence between 15 and 19 years old with the similar distribution in both sexes. There was a greater prevalence in focal crisis. Most of the patients had certain level of education and they had an active working life but only a third part had stable marital relations. Conclusions: epilepsy constitutes a frequent disease in the adult population of Sancti Spíritus municipality where it is defined as an important problem of health in young people. We must pay attention to psychosocial aspects related to this disease as well as a greater effort to increase its integral control in the family doctor office.

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Introducción: la epilepsia es una enfermedad crónica no transmisible caracterizada por su elevada prevalencia en las edades más jóvenes. Objetivos: describir las características clínico epidemiológicas de los niños y adolescentes con diagnóstico de epilepsia, radicados en el municipio de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal de enero a diciembre del año 2011; en el análisis de los datos se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: s e registró una prevalencia de pacientes con epilepsia de 7,86 por cada 1000 habitantes, la que resultó mayor entre los 10 y 18 años de edad, con similar distribución en ambos sexos y predominio en la raza blanca. Resultaron más frecuentes en estos pacientes las crisis focales. Todos los enfermos están escolarizados y el 92,8 % se encuentran controlados en su consultorio de la familia. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados en cuanto a prevalencia de epilepsia en niños y adolescentes radicados en el municipio Sancti Spiritus, resultan superiores a la prevalencia estimada para Cuba. Existió un predominio de las crisis focales y un elevado porcentaje de control de los enfermos según la educación escolarizada y el seguimiento de estos pacientes en la atención primaria de salud.

Background: epilepsy is a non transmissible chronic disease characterized by its prevalence in the younger ages. Objectives: to describe the clinical epidemiological characteristics in children and adolescents with epilepsy diagnosis living in Sancti Spíritus. Methodology: a descriptive investigation was carried out in a transversal cut from January to December 2011; in the data analysis some descriptive statistical techniques were used. Results: it was registered a prevalence of patients with epilepsy of 7.86 per every 1000 inhabitants which was greater between 10 and 18 years old with similar distribution in both sexes mainly in the white race. Focal crisis were the most frequent in these patients. All the patients have 92.8 % of school level and they are controlled by their family doctors. Conclusions: the results found according to the prevalence of epilepsy in children and adolescents in Sancti Spíritus municipality are higher than the prevalence estimated in Cuba . There were more focal crisis and high percentage of control of the patient according to the education level and the follow up of these in the primary care of health.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of clinoptilolite and calcium levels on uric acid and calcium blood profile and bone quality of commercial layers. A total of 576 birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 3x4 factorial arrangement (calcium levels of 2.5, 3.1, or 3.7% and clinoptilolite levels of 0.0, 0.15, 0.25, or 0.50%), into 12 treatments with six replicates of eight birds per cage (experimental unit). The experimental period was 112 days. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal. Results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level using SISVAR statistical package. Blood uric acid was significantly influenced by the interaction of the evaluated factors. Clinoptilolite levels significantly increased blood calcium levels. There was no effect of dietary calcium levels on any of the evaluated characteristics. It was concluded that feeding layers with up to 0.50% clinoptilolite does not benefit blood uric acid and calcium concentrations and does not affect their bone quality. When layers at the end of the first laying cycle are fed ad libitum and present 119.50g/hen/day average feed intake, 3.1% dietary calcium promotes 3.7g/hen/day calcium intake, which is sufficient to maintain adequate calcium blood levels and bone quality.(AU)

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Aiming at evaluating the influence of cyclic temperatures on the performance and egg quality of Japanese quails an experiment was carried out with 480 birds after egg production peak. Birds were housed in a bioclimatic chamber with automatic temperature control that contained two rooms, one maintained at thermoneutral temperature (21 ºC) and the other adjusted for the tested cyclic temperatures (24, 27, 30, 33 and 36 ºC at a time). Each room had a battery of five floors and ten cages, with a capacity of 24 birds per cage, totaling 240 birds per battery. Birds were fed iso-nutritious and iso-caloric diets. Data obtained under the tested cyclic temperatures were compared with those obtained under thermoneutral temperature. At the end of each experimental period (14 days) performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated. A completely randomized experimental design with two treatments (thermoneutral temperature and tested temperature) and ten replicates of 24 birds each. Cyclic increases of 27 ºC and higher in environmental temperature negatively affected bird performance, with reduced feed intake and consequent reductions in egg weight and mass. A cyclic increase of the environmental temperature to 36 ºC reduced the percentage of saleable eggs and egg production.(AU)

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This study aimed at developing radiographic techniques for the early detection of dyschondroplastic lesions in the tibia of broilers. The experiment was carried out at the facilities of UNIFOR/MG and Formiga and UNIFENAS/ Alfenas with 420 one-day-old male Cobb broilers. At 20 days of age, all birds were radiographed and identified with an alpha-numeric metal ring in the right leg. At 40 days of age, 42 broilers previously selected as a function of bone mineral density and lesion thickness scores were again radiographed and scored, and then sacrificed. Their right tibia was removed for gross and histological examination of the growth plate. The results showed that radiographic techniques are correlated with gross and histological examination and that there was no significant differences among techniques (P>0.05). it was concluded that the use of radiographic examination to identify tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers precludes the use of bone mineral density to diagnose this condition. The non-parametric statistical Chi-square test at 5% significance level was used to analyze the results.(AU)

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The effects of aflatoxin and fumonisin and their combination on egg production and quality, as well as the efficacy of a mycotoxin adsorbent in reducing or eliminating these effects in commercial layers. A number of 168 layers with initial age of 37 weeks were submitted to an experimental period of 56 days. A completely randomized experimental design in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement was applied (3 treatments with mycotoxins: aflatoxin (AF), fumonisin (FU), or aflatoxin + fumonisin (AF+FU); 2 treatments with or without adsorbent; and a control group that was fed no mycotoxins, nor adsorbent), totaling 7 treatments with 6 replicated of 4 birds/cage. The dietary inclusion levels were 1ppm AF, 25ppm FU, and 2 kg adsorbent/ton feed. Birds fed AF presented the lowest percentage of lay (p=0.0594). Egg mass was the lowest (p<0.05) in the AF+FU treatment (49.49g). The treatment with AF resulted in higher eggshell thickness and strength (p<0.05) than the FU treatment and the control group. The inclusion of the adsorbent in the AF contaminated feed reduced eggshell strength, which returned to levels similar to those of the control group. The observed changes indicate that aflatoxin is toxic at a concentration of 1ppm, and that the effects of fumonisin were less evident as a function of the low dose applied. The inclusion of the glucan (2kg/ton) effectively reverted some of the toxic effects of aflatoxin and, at lower extension, those of fumonisin, when these mycotoxins were invidually added to commercial layer feeds.

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The effects of aflatoxin and fumonisin and their combination on egg production and quality, as well as the efficacy of a mycotoxin adsorbent in reducing or eliminating these effects in commercial layers. A number of 168 layers with initial age of 37 weeks were submitted to an experimental period of 56 days. A completely randomized experimental design in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement was applied (3 treatments with mycotoxins: aflatoxin (AF), fumonisin (FU), or aflatoxin + fumonisin (AF+FU); 2 treatments with or without adsorbent; and a control group that was fed no mycotoxins, nor adsorbent), totaling 7 treatments with 6 replicated of 4 birds/cage. The dietary inclusion levels were 1ppm AF, 25ppm FU, and 2 kg adsorbent/ton feed. Birds fed AF presented the lowest percentage of lay (p=0.0594). Egg mass was the lowest (p<0.05) in the AF+FU treatment (49.49g). The treatment with AF resulted in higher eggshell thickness and strength (p<0.05) than the FU treatment and the control group. The inclusion of the adsorbent in the AF contaminated feed reduced eggshell strength, which returned to levels similar to those of the control group. The observed changes indicate that aflatoxin is toxic at a concentration of 1ppm, and that the effects of fumonisin were less evident as a function of the low dose applied. The inclusion of the glucan (2kg/ton) effectively reverted some of the toxic effects of aflatoxin and, at lower extension, those of fumonisin, when these mycotoxins were invidually added to commercial layer feeds.(AU)

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