RESUMEN
Due to recent foodborne outbreaks, peanuts have been considered a potential risk for Salmonella transmission. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and contamination load of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae throughout the peanut supply chain in Brazil. Samples of peanuts and peanut-containing processed products from post-harvest (n=129), secondary processing (n=185) and retail market (n=100) were analyzed. The results showed high Enterobacteriaceae counts in the post-harvest samples. At the end of the secondary processing, 16% of the samples remained contaminated by this group of microorganisms. Six peanut samples from primary production and one sample of peanut butter were tested positive for E. coli while Salmonella was detected in nine samples (2.2%): six from post-harvest, two from the initial stage of the secondary processing and one from retail. The Salmonella counts ranged between 0.004 and 0.092MPN/g and five serotypes were identified (Muenster, Miami, Javiana, Oranienburg, Glostrup). The results demonstrated a high prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and low prevalence of E. coli throughout the peanut supply chain. Furthermore, it was verified that peanuts may become contaminated by Salmonella during different stages of the supply chain, especially at post-harvest.
Asunto(s)
Arachis/microbiología , Productos Agrícolas/microbiología , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Microbiología de Alimentos/métodos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Nueces/microbiología , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Seguridad de Productos para el Consumidor , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/transmisión , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/transmisión , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Humanos , Medición de Riesgo , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/microbiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/transmisiónRESUMEN
O presente trabalho visou empregar um estudo metanalítico para sumarizar e analisar dados sobre adubação nitrogenada em pastagens formadas por gramíneas dos gêneros Brachiaria, Cynodon e Panicum. Foram selecionados 36 trabalhos de pesquisa realizados no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos, incluindo artigos científicos, teses e dissertações. Com base nos dados contidos nesses trabalhos, foi calculado o incremento relativo de matéria seca e de proteína bruta em relação ao tratamento controle (ausência de adubação nitrogenada) e a eficiência da utilização do nitrogênio na produção de matéria seca e proteína bruta. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância para efeito linear e quadrático em cada uma das variáveis dentro de cada gênero e, no caso de significância, foi realizada análise de regressão. A produção de matéria seca e de proteína bruta de forrageiras tropicais responde de forma expressiva à adubação nitrogenada, principalmente a segunda, porém o acréscimo nas doses de nitrogênio reduz a eficiência da adubação. Verificou-se uma frequente omissão de informações relevantes em trabalhos com adubação nitrogenada em pastagens.(AU)
The study aimed to employ a meta-analytic study to summarize and analyze data on nitrogen fertilization in grasslands formed by grasses of the genera Brachiaria, Cynodon and Panicum. A sample of 36 research projects carried out in Brazil in the last ten years, including scientific papers, theses and dissertations were selected. From the data contained in these works, relative dry matter and crude protein increment compared to the control treatment (absence of nitrogen fertilization) and the efficiency of nitrogen use in the production of dry matter and crude protein were calculated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance for linear and quadratic effect on each variable within each genus and, in case of significance, regression analysis was performed. The production of dry matter and crude protein of tropical forages responds greatly to nitrogen fertilization, especially the second, but the increase in nitrogen rates reduces the efficiency of fertilization. There was a frequent omission of relevant information in scientific works on nitrogen fertilization in grasslands.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Poaceae/metabolismo , Poaceae/química , Compostaje/métodos , Compuestos de Nitrógeno/administración & dosificación , MetaanálisisRESUMEN
O presente trabalho visou empregar um estudo metanalítico para sumarizar e analisar dados sobre adubação nitrogenada em pastagens formadas por gramíneas dos gêneros Brachiaria, Cynodon e Panicum. Foram selecionados 36 trabalhos de pesquisa realizados no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos, incluindo artigos científicos, teses e dissertações. Com base nos dados contidos nesses trabalhos, foi calculado o incremento relativo de matéria seca e de proteína bruta em relação ao tratamento controle (ausência de adubação nitrogenada) e a eficiência da utilização do nitrogênio na produção de matéria seca e proteína bruta. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância para efeito linear e quadrático em cada uma das variáveis dentro de cada gênero e, no caso de significância, foi realizada análise de regressão. A produção de matéria seca e de proteína bruta de forrageiras tropicais responde de forma expressiva à adubação nitrogenada, principalmente a segunda, porém o acréscimo nas doses de nitrogênio reduz a eficiência da adubação. Verificou-se uma frequente omissão de informações relevantes em trabalhos com adubação nitrogenada em pastagens.(AU)
The study aimed to employ a meta-analytic study to summarize and analyze data on nitrogen fertilization in grasslands formed by grasses of the genera Brachiaria, Cynodon and Panicum. A sample of 36 research projects carried out in Brazil in the last ten years, including scientific papers, theses and dissertations were selected. From the data contained in these works, relative dry matter and crude protein increment compared to the control treatment (absence of nitrogen fertilization) and the efficiency of nitrogen use in the production of dry matter and crude protein were calculated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance for linear and quadratic effect on each variable within each genus and, in case of significance, regression analysis was performed. The production of dry matter and crude protein of tropical forages responds greatly to nitrogen fertilization, especially the second, but the increase in nitrogen rates reduces the efficiency of fertilization. There was a frequent omission of relevant information in scientific works on nitrogen fertilization in grasslands.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Compostaje/métodos , Poaceae/química , Poaceae/metabolismo , Metaanálisis , Compuestos de Nitrógeno/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Mimosa scabrella Benth., popularly known as ''bracatinga'', is a pioneer and endemic species of Brazil, occurring in Mixed Ombrophilous Forest associated with Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest biomes. It is a fast-growing tree of the Fabaceae family that facilitates the dynamics of ecological succession. SSR development, when there is no genome sequence, is time and labor intensive and there are no molecular markers for M. scabrella. We developed and validated the first microsatellite markers for this tetraploid species, evaluating mother trees and progenies. Using Illumina sequencing, we identified 290 SSR loci and 211 primer pairs. After 31 SSR loci PCR/agarose electrophoresis selection, a subset of 11 primer pairs was synthetized with fluorescence in the forward primer for PCR and capillary electrophoresis validation with leaf DNA of 33 adult and 411 progeny individuals. Polymorphic locus percentage was 36, 4 in 11 loci, 3 chloroplast SSRs, and 1 nuclear SSR. Allele number of polymorphic loci ranged from 2 to 11 alleles considering all sampling. All 11 primer pairs were also tested for cross-species amplification for five Fabaceae-Mimosoideae species, ranging from 2 loci transferred to Calliandra tweedii Benth. and all 11 loci transferred to Mimosa taimbensis Burkart. The assessed and validated SSR markers for M. scabrella are suitable and useful for analysis and population genetic studies.
Asunto(s)
Cartilla de ADN/síntesis química , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Mimosa/genética , Núcleo Celular/genética , Cloroplastos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos , Especificidad de la Especie , TetraploidíaRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate nanoparticulate calcium carbonate (NPCC) using transmission electron microscopy and the effects of NPCC addition to MTA in regard to the setting time, dimensional change, compressive strength, solubility and pH. METHODOLOGY: The experimental groups were G1 (MTA), G2 (MTA with 5% NPCC) and G3 (MTA with 10% NPCC). The tests followed ISO and ADA standards. The specimens in the dimensional change and compressive strength tests were measured immediately after setting, after 24 h and after 30 days. In the solubility test, rings filled with cement were weighed after setting and after 30 days. The pH was measured after 24 h and 30 days. The data were analysed with the ANOVA, Tukey's and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: The setting time was reduced (P < 0.05) in samples from G2 and G3 compared to G1. After 24 h, the dimensional change was similar amongst the groups, and after 30 days, G2 was associated with less alteration than G1 and G3. There was a difference in the compressive strength (P < 0.001) after 24 h and 30 days (G1 > G2 > G3). The solubility test revealed a difference amongst the groups when the specimens were hydrated: G2 > G1 > G3 and dehydrated: G3 > G2 > G1. The pH of the groups was similar at 24 h with higher values in each group after 30 days (P < 0.05), and G2 and G3 had similar mean pH values but both were higher than G1. CONCLUSIONS: Nanoparticulate calcium carbonate had a cubic morphology with few impurities. The addition of nanoparticulate calcium carbonate to MTA accelerated the setting time, decreased compressive strength and, after 30 days, resulted in lower dimensional change (G2), higher solubility and a higher pH.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Aluminio/química , Carbonato de Calcio/química , Compuestos de Calcio/química , Cementos Dentales/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Óxidos/química , Silicatos/química , Fuerza Compresiva , Combinación de Medicamentos , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Nanopartículas , SolubilidadRESUMEN
AIMS: In order to investigate Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella contamination, a survey was conducted at three peanut confectionery processing companies (A, B and C) in Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples of different peanut confectionery products (n = 59), peanut raw material (n = 30), manufacturing environment (n = 116) and workers' hand surfaces (n = 12) were analysed. Salmonella and E. coli were not detected in any final product or raw material analysed. Enterobacteriaceae was isolated from 15% of final products. Coliforms were detected in only one sample. Referring to the raw material, six samples showed contamination by Enterobacteriaceae and three samples by coliforms. For the process environment, 19% and 11% of samples presented Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms. Escherichia coli was detected in 5% of samples, and one of these samples tested positive for Salmonella; this strain was serotyping as S. Heidelberg. All food handlers surveyed in Company C showed Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms on their hands. Escherichia coli was isolated from one food worker's hand. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the manufacturing environment, including food handlers were considered the main sources for possible contamination of peanut confectionery products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This has been the first study to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae throughout peanut confectionery processing lines. The results might be used to assist risk assessment studies and to establish more effective control measures.
Asunto(s)
Arachis/microbiología , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Brasil , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Enterobacteriaceae/clasificación , Enterobacteriaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Manipulación de Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos , HumanosRESUMEN
In recent years there have been an increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies that show positive results regarding antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) used in dentistry. These include applications in periodontics, endodontics, and mucosal infections caused by bacteria present as biofilms. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is a therapy based on the combination of a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) and appropriate wavelength visible light, which in the presence of oxygen is activated to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS induce a series of photochemical and biological events that cause irreversible damage leading to the death of microorganisms. Many light-absorbing dyes have been mentioned as potential PS for aPDT and different wavelengths have been tested. However, there is no consensus on a standard protocol yet. Thus, the goal of this review was to summarize the results of research on aPDT in dentistry using the PubMed database focusing on recent studies of the effectiveness aPDT in decreasing microorganisms and microbial biofilms, and also to describe aPDT effects, mechanisms of action and applications.
RESUMEN
RESUMO Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Boraginaceae) está presente na vegetação de restinga e apresenta relevantes propriedades medicinais. A espécie é explorada especialmente por comunidades locais e pela indústria farmacêutica, porém, carece de informações ecológicas e genéticas a seu respeito. Nesse contexto, o estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de caracterizar a diversidade genética de três populações de V. curassavica em áreas de restinga na Ilha de Santa Catarina. Foram coletadas folhas de 50 indivíduos adultos em cada uma das três áreas de estudo e as frequências alélicas das populações foram obtidas a partir de 14 locos alozímicos. Foram encontrados 25 alelos distintos nas três populações, sendo dois alelos exclusivos. As populações apresentaram diversidade genética média de 0,111 e índice de fixação médio de -0,060 (-0,273 até 0,222). Os níveis de diversidade são intermediários, semelhantes aos exibidos por espécies da mesma família ou de características ecológicas semelhantes. Os índices de fixação foram todos significativos e discrepantes entre as populações, sendo que duas delas apresentaram excesso de heterozigotos. A divergência genética interpopulacional foi significativa e igual a 0,079, considerada moderada e sugerindo efeitos de subdivisão populacional. Os níveis de diversidade genética encontrados e a redução populacional causada pela redução e fragmentação dos habitats em que a espécie ocorre sugerem medidas de conservação ex situ e demandam maior rigor na proteção legal de áreas de proteção permanente.
ABSTRACT The Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Boraginaceae) is present in restinga vegetation and shows relevant medicinal properties. The species is exploited by local communities and by the pharmaceutical industry; however, it lacks ecological and genetic information. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of three V. curassavica populations in restinga areas of Santa Catarina Island. Leaves of 50 adult individuals were sampled in each of the three study areas and the allelic frequencies were obtained from 14 allozyme loci. Twenty-five different alleles were found in the three populations, two of them being exclusive. The populations showed, on average, a genetic diversity of 0,111 and a fixation index of -0,060 (-0,273 to 0,222). The diversity levels are intermediary, similar to those ones owned by species of the same family or with similar ecological traits. The fixation indexes were all significant and discrepant among the populations, with two of them showing excess of heterozygotes. The genetic divergence among populations was significant and equal to 0,079, which is considered moderate and suggests effects of population subdivision. The levels of genetic diversity found and the population decrease caused by reduction and fragmentation of habitats in which the species are present implies in ex situ conservation measures and a higher enforcement of the legal preservation of permanent protected areas.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cordia/clasificación , Estructuras Genéticas/ética , Plantas Medicinales/químicaRESUMEN
Axinella corrugata lectin 1 (ACL-1) was purified from aqueous extracts of the marine sponge, Axinella corrugata. ACL-1 strongly agglutinates native rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutination is inhibited by N-acetyl derivatives, particularly N, N', N"-triacetylchitotriose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. We investigated the capacity of biotinylated ACL-1 to stain several transformed cell lines including breast (T-47D, MCF7), colon (HT-29), lung (H460), ovary (OVCAR-3) and bladder (T24). ACL-I may bind to both monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of tumor cells, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D- glucosamine glycan types. The lectins are useful, not only as markers and diagnostic parameters, but also for tissue mapping in suspicious neoplasms. In addition, they provide a better understanding of neoplasms at the cytological and molecular levels. Furthermore, the use of potential metastatic markers such as lectins is crucial for developing successful tools for therapy against cancer. We observed that biotinylated ACL-I stains tumor cells and may hold potential as a probe for identifying transformed cells and for studying glycan structures synthesized by such cells.
Asunto(s)
Axinella/química , Lectinas/química , Neoplasias/química , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Animales , Biotinilación , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cromatografía de Afinidad/métodos , Neoplasias/patología , Conejos , RatasRESUMEN
The coumarins 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin 1 5-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin 2 and 5-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyloxy)-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin 3 isolated from Pterocaulon species showed significant cytotoxicity against two glioma cells lines. Compound 1 presented IC(50) values of 34.6 µM and 31.6 µM against human (U138-MG) and rat (C6) glioma cells, respectively, and this compound was at least two times more potent than compounds 2 and 3. This result could be explained by the planar conformation adopted by 1 through a non-classical hydrogen bond between a hydrogen of the methoxy and the oxygen of the methylenedioxy groups. Another important finding was that the cytotoxic effect induced by 1 in glioma cells was not observed in organotypic cultures, indicating a selective cytotoxicity for tumor cells.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Asteraceae/química , Benzodioxoles/aislamiento & purificación , Cumarinas/aislamiento & purificación , Citotoxinas/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Benzodioxoles/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Cumarinas/farmacología , Citotoxinas/farmacología , Glioma/tratamiento farmacológico , Glioma/patología , Hipocampo/citología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Masculino , Especificidad de Órganos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Técnicas de Cultivo de TejidosRESUMEN
Salmonella is widespread in nature and can be found in all links of the poultry production chain. Due to its high impact on meat processing, techniques for the rapid detection and reproducible characterization of Salmonella serotypes in foods are needed. The present study investigated the potential of molecular profiling to identify and differentiate 15 Salmonella serotypes isolated from the poultry production chain, based on 5 primers by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR), amplification of rDNA internal spacer analysis (RISA), and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of 16S-23S rRNA internal spacer region (ISR) cleaved with Alu I and Hha I restriction enzymes. Three isolates of each serotype were analyzed for the identification of similar and different profiles. Dendrograms were constructed from molecular profiles using the UPGMA method (unweighted pair-group method for the arithmetic averages) and the software program WinBoot. The present study indicates the usefulness of RISA and ARDRA of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) for systematic, epidemiological, and diagnostic purposes. Since these techniques can be used for the differentiation of serotypes, they are highly promising for the characterization of Salmonella serotypes and intra-serotypes. Data indicate that these techniques may be used to produce more consistent, reliable, and reproducible results in the identification and epidemiological study (traceability) of Salmonella in the poultry industry.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Aves de Corral/microbiología , Productos Avícolas/microbiología , Salmonella enterica/aislamiento & purificación , Tipificación Molecular/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The effects of systemic treatment with indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules (IndOH-NC) were compared with those of free indomethacin (IndOH) in rat models of acute and chronic oedema. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The following models of inflammation were employed: carrageenan-induced acute oedema (measured between 30 min and 4 h), sub-chronic oedema induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (determined between 2 h and 72 h), and CFA-induced arthritis (oedema measured between 14 and 21 days). KEY RESULTS: IndOH or IndOH-NC produced equal inhibition of carrageenan-elicited oedema. However, IndOH-NC was more effective in both the sub-chronic (33 +/- 4% inhibition) and the arthritis (35 +/- 2% inhibition) model of oedema evoked by CFA, when compared with IndOH (21 +/- 2% and 14 +/- 3% inhibition respectively) (P < 0.01). In the CFA arthritis model, treatment with IndOH-NC markedly inhibited the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 (by 83 +/- 8% and 84 +/- 11% respectively), while the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were significantly increased (196 +/- 55%). The indices of gastrointestinal damage in IndOH-NC-treated animals were significantly less that those after IndOH treatment (58 +/- 16%, 72 +/- 6% and 69 +/- 2%, for duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: IndOH-NC produced an increased anti-inflammatory efficacy in long-term models of inflammation, allied to an improved gastrointestinal safety. This formulation might represent a promising alternative for treating chronic inflammatory diseases, with reduced undesirable effects.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Indometacina/uso terapéutico , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Nanocápsulas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/efectos adversos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Indometacina/efectos adversos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
A produção de slime é um importante fator de virulência dos estafilococos coagulase-negativa, permitindo-lhes aderir sobre as superfícies lisas de biomateriais, e por isso, é associada aos processos de infecção de implantes. No presente estudo a produção de slime em 27 cepas de estafilococos coagulase-negativa foi investigada por cultura em ágar vermelho Congo (77,7% de positividade), método espectrofotométrico ou damicroplaca (81,4% de positividade) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (88,9% de positividade). Foi também avaliada a resistência de estafilococos coagula-se negativa a vários antimicrobianos usando a técnica do disco difusão. A porcentagem de resistência à penicilina G, oxacilina, eritromicina, clindamicina e gentamicinaem estafilococos produtores de slime foi respectivamente de 88,9%; 70,4%; 81,5%; 66,7% e 59,2%; todos os estafilococos coagulase-negativa foram vancomicina sensíveis. As cepas isoladas de cateter venoso central foram identificadas por método convencional e sistema API Staph. Os 27 estafilococos coagulase-negativa foram identificados como: S. saprophyticus (3,7%), S. xylosus(7,4%), S. haemolyticus (14,8%), S. epidermidis (37,0%), S. warneri (14,8%), S. lugdunensis (7,4%), S. hominis (7,4%), S. schleiferi (3,7%) e S. chromogenes (3,7%). Pode-se concluir que entre a maioria das espécies Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa houve associação entre a produção de slime, origem nosocomial das cepase reduzida sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos, sugerindo potencial patogênico no ambiente hospitalar.
Slime production is an important virulence factor of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., allowing them to attach to smooth surfaces of biomaterials, and it has been associated with infections of implanted medical devices. In the present study the production of slime capsules in 27 strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was investigated by culture in Congo Red agar (77.7% positivity), spectrophotometric or microplate method (81.4% positivity) and scanning electron microscopy (88.9% positivity). The resistance of coagulase-negative strains of Staphylococcus to various antimicrobial agents was also determined by agar disk diffusion. The proportion of strains resistant to penicillin G, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and gentamicin among the slime-producing staphylococci was 88.9%, 70.4%, 81.5%, 66.7% and 59.2%, respectively; all of the coagulase-negative staphylococci were susceptible to vancomycin. The strains isolated from central venous catheters were identified by a conventional method and the API Staph system. The 27 coagulase-negative taphylococcus strains were identified as: S. saprophyticus (3.7%), S. xylosus (7.4%), S. haemolyticus (14.8%), S. epidermidis (37.0%), S. warneri (14.8%), S. lugdunensis (7.4%), S. hominis (7.4%), S. schleiferi (3.7%) and S. chromogenes (3.7%). It can be concluded that in the most of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species there was an association between slime production, the nosocomial origin of the strains and reduced sensitivity to the antibiotics, suggesting a pathogenic potential in the hospital environment.
Asunto(s)
Coagulasa/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus epidermidis/patogenicidad , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/patogenicidad , Factores de Virulencia , Infección Hospitalaria , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Crude methanolic extracts and fractions from the aerial parts of seven species of Hypericum (H. caprifoliatum Cham. and Schltdl., H. carinatum Griseb., H. connatum Lam., H. ternum A. St.-Hil., H. myrianthum Cham. and Schltdl., H. piriai Arechav. and H. polyanthemum Klotzsch ex Reichardt) growing in southern Brazil were analyzed for their in vitro antifungal activity against a panel of standardized and clinical opportunistic pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi, including dermatophytes, by the agar dilution method. Chloroform and hexane extracts of H. ternum showed the greatest activity among extracts tested.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Hypericum , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The crude methanolic extracts of six species of Hypericum [H. caprifoliatum Cham. & Schlecht., H. carinatum Griseb., H. connatum Lam., H. ternum A. St. Hil., H. myrianthum Cham. & Schlecht. and H. polyanthemum Klotzsch ex Reichardt] growing in southern Brazil were analyzed for antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). The most active plant was H. caprifoliatum, which showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Only H. polyanthemum and H. ternum extracts were active against Bacillus subtilis. None of the crude methanolic extracts showed activity against S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Extracts from these species were evaluated chemically and tannin, flavonoid and phenolic acids were the prominent compounds. The plants contained quercitrin, hyperoside (except H. connatum) and, less frequently, isoquercitrin and chlorogenic acid. In contrast to H. perforatum, which has high concentrations of rutin, these species do not produce this flavonoid or it appears as traces. The tannin concentration varied between 5.1 and 16.7% in H. myrianthum and H. ternum, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Hypericum , Hongos Mitospóricos/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Taninos/administración & dosificación , Taninos/química , Taninos/farmacología , Taninos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Rice and bean plants were grown in nutrient solution in the presence of three levels of N, P and K. The method of the bioevaluation of the nutricional status, in which excised roots are allowed to take up tagged elements, in this case 15N and 32P, was compared with foliar analysis. Two main conclusions were drawn: 1) the bioevaluation proved to be an useful and rapid procedure for the diagnosis of the nutricional status of both species, since there was a significant negative correlation between absorption of N and P and dry matter yield; 2) the uptake of the tagged ions with either element by the roots of plants grown under deficient levels of N and P in the nutrient solution was inversely proportional to the leaf concentration of both nutrients.
Arroz e feijão foram cultivados em soluções nutritivas em presença de três níveis de N, P e K. O método da bioavaliação do estado nutricional em que raízes destacadas absorvem elementos marcados, no caso presente 15N e 32P, foi comparado com o de diagnose foliar. Foram tiradas duas conclusões principais: 1) os bioensaios mostraram ser um procedimento rápido e útil para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional das duas espécies, visto haver correlação significativa negativa entre absorção e produção de matéria seca; 2) a absorção de dois isótopos pelas raízes da planta previamente submetida a níveis diferentes de N e de P na solução foi inversamente proporcional aos teores foliares desses elementos.
RESUMEN
Rice and bean plants were grown in nutrient solution in the presence of three levels of N, P and K. The method of the bioevaluation of the nutricional status, in which excised roots are allowed to take up tagged elements, in this case 15N and 32P, was compared with foliar analysis. Two main conclusions were drawn: 1) the bioevaluation proved to be an useful and rapid procedure for the diagnosis of the nutricional status of both species, since there was a significant negative correlation between absorption of N and P and dry matter yield; 2) the uptake of the tagged ions with either element by the roots of plants grown under deficient levels of N and P in the nutrient solution was inversely proportional to the leaf concentration of both nutrients.
Arroz e feijão foram cultivados em soluções nutritivas em presença de três níveis de N, P e K. O método da bioavaliação do estado nutricional em que raízes destacadas absorvem elementos marcados, no caso presente 15N e 32P, foi comparado com o de diagnose foliar. Foram tiradas duas conclusões principais: 1) os bioensaios mostraram ser um procedimento rápido e útil para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional das duas espécies, visto haver correlação significativa negativa entre absorção e produção de matéria seca; 2) a absorção de dois isótopos pelas raízes da planta previamente submetida a níveis diferentes de N e de P na solução foi inversamente proporcional aos teores foliares desses elementos.