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ChatGPT is a virtual assistant with artificial intelligence (AI) that uses natural language to communicate, i.e., it holds conversations as those that would take place with another human being. It can be applied at all educational levels, including medical education, where it can impact medical training, research, the writing of scientific articles, clinical care, and personalized medicine. It can modify interactions between physicians and patients and thus improve the standards of healthcare quality and safety, for example, by suggesting preventive measures in a patient that sometimes are not considered by the physician for multiple reasons. ChatGPT potential uses in medical education, as a tool to support the writing of scientific articles, as a medical care assistant for patients and doctors for a more personalized medical approach, are some of the applications discussed in this article. Ethical aspects, originality, inappropriate or incorrect content, incorrect citations, cybersecurity, hallucinations, and plagiarism are some examples of situations to be considered when using AI-based tools in medicine.

ChatGPT es un asistente virtual con inteligencia artificial que utiliza lenguaje natural para comunicarse, es decir, mantiene conversaciones como las que se tendrían con otro humano. Puede aplicarse en educación a todos los niveles, que incluye la educación médica, en donde puede impactar en la formación, la investigación, la escritura de artículos científicos, la atención clínica y la medicina personalizada. Puede modificar la interacción entre médicos y pacientes para mejorar los estándares de calidad de la atención médica y la seguridad, por ejemplo, al sugerir medidas preventivas en un paciente que en ocasiones no son consideradas por el médico por múltiples causas. Los usos potenciales del ChatGPT en la educación médica, como una herramienta de ayuda en la redacción de artículos científicos, un asistente en la atención para pacientes y médicos para una práctica más personalizada, son algunas de las aplicaciones que se analizan en este artículo. Los aspectos éticos, originalidad, contenido inapropiado o incorrecto, citas incorrectas, ciberseguridad, alucinaciones y plagio son ejemplos de las situaciones a tomar en cuenta al usar las herramientas basadas en inteligencia artificial en medicina.

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Subcapsular renal hematomas may appear spontaneously in patients in chronic hemodialysis, though other causes as neoplasms, vasculitis, and infections should be excluded. Patients may present with abdominal pain and hemorrhagic shock; hence, early diagnosis is vital. Nephrectomy or renal artery embolization are suitable treatment options.

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Innovative technologies such as the metaverse and chat GPT-4 (based on artificial intelligence) are present in the daily discourse of society; recently, they have been introduced into medical practice and are bringing about important changes. In the case of the metaverse ("beyond the universe"), various medical schools and departments around the world are beginning to use it as an innovative strategy for teaching subjects such as anatomy, histology, ophthalmology, and simulation in parallel (virtual) worlds for learning and supervision of surgeries, as well as for other applications in medical education and in the doctor-patient relationship. Although it should be regarded as an area of opportunity for the transformation of medicine, it is important to consider the various limitations and risks of the metaverse in medical practice, student training, and physicians' relationship with the health problems they have to deal with in their practice.

Las innovadoras tecnologías del metaverso y el chat GPT4 (basado en inteligencia artificial) están presentes en el discurso cotidiano de la sociedad; recientemente se han introducido en la práctica médica y están provocando importantes cambios. En cuanto al metaverso ("después del universo"), diversas escuelas y facultades de medicina del mundo comienzan a utilizarlo como una estrategia innovadora dirigida a la enseñanza de materias como anatomía, histología, oftalmología y simulación en mundos paralelos (virtuales) para el aprendizaje y supervisión de cirugías, así como para otras aplicaciones en educación médica y en la relación médico-paciente. Si bien debe tomarse en cuenta como un área de oportunidad para la transformación de la medicina, es importante considerar las diversas limitaciones y riesgos del metaverso en la práctica médica, la formación de estudiantes y la relación del médico con los problemas de salud a los que se enfrenta en su práctica.

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Resumen Las innovadoras tecnologías del metaverso y el chat GPT4 (basado en inteligencia artificial) están presentes en el discurso cotidiano de la sociedad; recientemente se han introducido en la práctica médica y están provocando importantes cambios. En cuanto al metaverso ("después del universo"), diversas escuelas y facultades de medicina del mundo comienzan a utilizarlo como una estrategia innovadora dirigida a la enseñanza de materias como anatomía, histología, oftalmología y simulación en mundos paralelos (virtuales) para el aprendizaje y supervisión de cirugías, así como para otras aplicaciones en educación médica y en la relación médico-paciente. Si bien debe tomarse en cuenta como un área de oportunidad para la transformación de la medicina, es importante considerar las diversas limitaciones y riesgos del metaverso en la práctica médica, la formación de estudiantes y la relación del médico con los problemas de salud a los que se enfrenta en su práctica.

Abstract Innovative technologies such as the metaverse and chat GPT-4 (based on artificial intelligence) are present in the daily discourse of society; recently, they have been introduced into medical practice and are bringing about important changes. In the case of the metaverse ("beyond the universe"), various medical schools and departments around the world are beginning to use it as an innovative strategy for teaching subjects such as anatomy, histology, ophthalmology, and simulation in parallel (virtual) worlds for learning and supervision of surgeries, as well as for other applications in medical education and in the doctor-patient relationship. Although it should be regarded as an area of opportunity for the transformation of medicine, it is important to consider the various limitations and risks of the metaverse in medical practice, student training, and physicians' relationship with the health problems they have to deal with in their practice.

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The diagnosis and management of vulnerable plaques are topics of high interest in the cardiovascular field. Although imaging techniques like computed tomography angiography (MCTA) and ultrasonography (USG) can structurally evaluate atherosclerotic plaques, they are limited in examining internal cellular processes. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging, on the other hand, can highlight these cellular processes, including inflammation, angiogenesis, and lipid oxidation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also a valuable non-invasive imaging technique that can provide detailed anatomical and functional information on the cardiovascular system. In this review, we compare the advantages and drawbacks of MCTA, USG and MRI imaging techniques with PET molecular imaging in evaluating vulnerable plaques. PET imaging allows physicians to measure different pathophysiological events within the plaque using intravenous radiotracers, of which 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is the most validated one. By using 18F-FDG, physicians can understand the formation of the plaque, assess the accumulation of macrophages, and predict major cardiovascular events. However, some limitations exist in using 18F-FDG, including myocardial uptake and low sensitivity in imaging coronary arteries. We also mention other radiotracers that can help in evaluating vulnerable plaques, including 18F-NaF. Although PET imaging is still challenging, it has shown promise in evaluating vulnerable plaques and could be used to intervene in high-risk patients before major cardiovascular events occur.

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Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are often indistinctly used terms. Both combined have generated, over the past years, concerns about sex disparities in their presentation. From an epidemiological perspective, females have several disadvantages regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CAD. Most of the general cardiovascular risk factors affect women more frequently, or with a higher morbidity and mortality association. Besides, atypical manifestations of the disease and uncommon forms of CAD represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Even if current treatments for CAD have no apparent sex bias, women representation in clinical trials and treatment patterns analyzed in clinical practice refuse this statement. Several disparities are caused by inevitable sex-particularities, but many of them are more social, cultural, and dogmatic beliefs that have to be addressed and overhaul.

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Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common problem in the age of interventional cardiology; it is primarily mediated by oxidative stress and reactive agents. Melatonin has antioxidative properties that make its use promising for treating ischemia-reperfusion injury. Multiple experimental studies in murine and porcine models have been performed with good results. Clinical trials have also been conducted but given their heterogeneity, no conclusive results can be made. Melatonin pharmacokinetic properties are not ideal; therefore, many analogs have been proposed with improved characteristics, and some studies have evaluated their efficacy in animal models, but clinical trials are needed to recommend their use. In this review, we expose the results of the most impactful studies regarding melatonin use in ischemia-reperfusion injury.