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The normal levels of some lymphocyte populations and subpopulations in the lungs and lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract have been determined. The influence of systemic delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to staphylococci and the multiple introduction of staphylococcal antigen into intact and sensitized guinea pigs on the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in the central, peripheral and respiratory lymphoid organs has been studied. Systemic DH has been found to affect the level of immunocytes in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs; the local introduction of the allergen and the intranasal immunotherapy of systemic DH produce both local (the lungs and their lymph nodes) and systemic effect.

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The diagnostic value of five staphylococcal allergens prepared from a single S. aureus strain by different methods and in different institutions has been tested on the experimental models of delayed, immediate and mixed (immediate and delayed) hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. The advantages of the allergens prepared in Kazan (USSR) for the detection of delayed hypersensitivity and the ultrasonicated allergen, as well as the allergen made in Czechoslovakia, for the detection of immediate hypersensitivity have been noted.

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The distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes in the body of guinea pigs was studied in different groups of the animals. As shown in this study, in delayed hypersensitivity to staphylococci the number of PE- and E-rosette-forming cells increased in the blood, the spleen, and the lymph nodes and decreased in the thymus; the number of EA- and EAC-rosette-forming cells decreased in the bone marrow and the spleen, the number of T gamma-suppressors decreased in the bone marrow and the distant lymph node. Immediate hypersensitivity to tarragon pollen induced the general increase of the content of T- and B-lymphocytes; the number of T gamma-cells decreased in the thymus, the bone marrow, and the lymph nodes and increased in the spleen. The characteristic features of combined microbial-pollen sensitization were the high content of B-cells in all lymphoid organs (except the thymus), a low level of T-lymphocytes in the blood and the peripheral lymphoid organs, the decreased number of T gamma-cells in most of the immunogenetic organs.

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The influence exerted by the specific immunotherapy (SIT) of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to staphylococci and subsequent sensitization with tarragon pollen on the level of immunocompetent cells in the blood and lymphoid organs of guinea pigs was studied. On the whole, SIT normalized the characteristics of T- and B-lymphocytes, altered as the result of experimentally induced DH: the content of T-cells in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes increased, while the number of B-cells in the blood and T gamma-suppressors increased. The subsequent heterologous sensitization with pollen abolished the effect of SIT, inducing the general decrease of the level of T gamma-lymphocytes and enhancing the number of T-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.

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With allergic immediate hypersensitivity test to the antigens of Staphylococcus aureus strain Wood 46 specific bronchospastic reactions were simulated in the lungs of guinea pigs by means of two allergens: commercial allergen manufactured in Czechoslovakia and staphyloallergen prepared by ultrasonic treatment under laboratory conditions at the Alma-Ata Research Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Infectious diseases (USSR). Allergens prepared at the Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (USSR) and in Bulgaria produced no reactions.

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The sensitizing properties of different doses of the antigenic preparation obtained from H. influenzae by ultrasonic treatment have been studied. Small doses of the antigen have been found to induce immunoallergic transformations of type IV in sensitized guinea pigs. A considerable increase in the sensitizing dose of the antigen has been found to lead to the appearance of allergic reactions of type I. The regularities of the development of allergy to H. influenzae are discussed.

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The pathochemical mechanisms of bronchospasm have been studied using various type of experimental allergies to microbial antigens. It was established that in guinea pigs with type I allergies isolated lung bronchospasm was mediated by histamine and SRS-A. Bronchial response to immune complexes type III were produced by the activation of complement with subsequent degranulation of mast cells and histamine release. Type IV hypersensitivity (lymphokine-mediated bronchospasm) was manifested without histamine, acetylcholine and mast cell involvement. The response to lymphokine was blocked by atropine. The spasmogenic y lymphokines are large molecular thermolabile substances.

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Immune mechanisms of smooth muscle spastic bronchial reactions were reproduced and studied in isolated guinea pig lungs and found to develop type I, III and IV allergic reactions at sensitization to brucella and staphylococcus. Type I reactions were reproduced in animal lungs with immediate hypersensitivity to soluble microbial antigens. Type III reactions were obtained by transfusion of soluble immune complexes containing microbial antigens into isolated lungs Bronchospastic reactions arose only in the presence of the complement. Antibodies responsible for bronchospasm belonged to the IgG class. Type IV reactions were produced in vitro using supernatants obtained by incubation of lymphoid cells isolated from animals with delayed hypersensitivity with homologic microbial antigens. The supernatants possessed bronchospastic action.

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Guinea pigs were sensitized either with dead bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain or by its soluble ultrasonic antigen. With the dead bacteria delayed hypersensitivity (DH) was observed, whereas immediate hypersensitivity (IH) was observed with soluble antigens. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulation distributions in peripheral blood and in some lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes) were studied. The number of total and "active" T lymphocytes in blood and in most lymph nodes increased, in both DH and IH. The increase was particularly significant in delayed hypersensitivity. In the thymus the number of these cells was decreased. Changes in the level of B lymphocytes estimated as cell bearing receptors for complement components were quite different in DH and IH. A low level of B lymphocytes was noted in peripheral blood but not in most of the lymph nodes in IH.

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Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs sensitized by the delayed and immediate types of allergy. Different antigens obtained from the strain of Brucella abortus BA-19 were used for sensitization and the resolving action. Comparison of the resolving properties of the corpuscular, soluble (ultrasound treated) antigens and purified protein fractions, polysaccharide and RNA was carried out in the skin reactions of the immediate and delayed type, passive skin anaphylaxis, acute anaphylactic shock, and the Schults-Dale test. Immediate reactions to the purified protein fraction were weaker than those to the whole soluble antigen, by which the animals were sensitized. Polysaccharide and the RNA-fractions proved to be inactive in the allergic reactions.

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A model of delayed hypersensitivity to Streptococcus hemolyticus, group A, were obtained in guinea pigs and rabbits. Studies of spontaneous changes of the immuno-allergic reactivity revealed that after a month of sensitization there developed delayed hypersensitivity only; according to the results of late skin tests it lasted not less than 6 months (the duration of investigation). The delayed hypersensitivity component began to manifest itself in 2 1/2 to 3 months and increased later on. Specific hyposensitization was performed with streptococcus allergens differing by physico-chemical conditions, i.e. the corpuscula allergen, the one that was lysed by ultrasonic waves, and Ando-Verzhikovsky's allergen. The latter had the most intensive hyposensitizing features. Specific hyposensitization was more demonstrative after the intracutaneous long-term course injections of threshold doses. Administration of subthreshold doses, as well as subcutaneous or intravenous injections of the allergen, was ineffective.

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