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Background: In the clinical practice, one of the most common suspicious lesions that may be potentially malignant is oral leukoplakia. Globally, the rate at which it turns malignant varies. This study examines the levels of markers CD138 and 43 in oral leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: Twenty archival blocks of confirmed epithelial dysplasia were taken from the Department of Oral Pathology. These were processed for the identification of markers CD138 and 43 through Immuno Histo Chemistry (IHC). The blocks were divided equally for both the markers. Results: There was a noticeable difference in staining intensity between dysplastic tissue and nondysplastic epithelium. However, CD138 expression was low or weak in dysplastic epithelium. CD43 expression was negative in all nonhematopoietic tissues. Conclusion: Genes that are cancer associated have been found to have incredibly different impacts in numerous tissues during the multistep process of oral carcinogenesis. In tissues undergoing dysplastic changes, CD138 expression was shown to be decreased, which could point out the malignant changes initiated in the epithelium of the oral tissues.

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AIM: The aim of the article was to evaluate the feasibility of pulp/tooth area ratio in three mandibular teeth, namely left canine, left first premolar, and left second premolar (33, 34, and 35), as an indicator of age using digital panoramic radiograph and Kvaal's parameters. The study also aimed at computing an area-specific formula for age estimation in Odisha population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observation and analysis of 50 digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) and clinical data of patients were made. These images were saved as high-resolution JPEG files. Using the Adobe Photoshop CS3 (extended) image editing software program (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, California, United States), the pulp/tooth area ratio of 33, 34, and 35 was analyzed. These ratios were substituted in Odisha population-specific formula, derived using principal component regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean chronological age was 33.24 years. Principal component regression analysis was used to derive multiple regression formulae for individual teeth as well as a combined formula. R2 (coefficient of determination) for combined three mandibular teeth was highest (0.7769) with a standard error of 4.5969 years and thus was a better predictor of age in the population of Odisha. In terms of an individual tooth, comparison between chronological and predicted age revealed that left second mandibular premolar (35) had highest correlation to actual age. Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient showed correlation between age and the mean of ratios from combined three mandibular teeth was stronger than that of single tooth. CONCLUSION: In the present study, second left mandibular premolar showed highest correlation to actual age when used alone. The use of three teeth in combination increased the correlation. This Odisha-specific formula showed promising results and can be used for forensic applications in this population. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Using three different teeth for age estimation proved to be a better predictor of age in the Odisha population. Moreover, the obtained formula can act as a standard and be used for anthropological or forensic investigations in the said population.

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INTRODUCTION: Loricrin is usually observed in abundance in keratinizing epithelium in response to mechanical stress, which may be associated with development and malignant transformations in conditions such as oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Therefore, understanding of various molecular mechanisms associated with difference in gene expressions between OSMF and that of normal oral tissue is important. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate of the efficacy of loricrin as a diagnostic marker in patients with OSMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained from the archives of the department. The study sample was grouped into two groups of normal mucosa (group I; n = 20) and OSMF (group II; n = 30) specimens. The study tissues were immunohistochemically stained with loricrin antibody and were further graded on basis of staining intensity. RESULTS: Loricrin immunostaining was observed significantly more in OSMF cases and even in stratum granulosum in comparison to normal mucosa. CONCLUSION: Loricrin can act as an early indicator and a prognostic marker for detection of deleterious changes within epithelium in OSMF.

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INTRODUCTION: Ki-67 is a nuclear protein. It is a proliferation marker that has an essential function in tumorigenesis due to its positive connection with tumor expansion. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the articulation of Ki­67 as prognostic marker in various grades of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 histologically affirmed samples of normal oral mucosa (NOM), OED, and OSCC were divided into three groups-Group I (10 samples of normal oral mucosa), Group II (45 samples of OED), Group III (45 samples of OSCC). Routine hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 monoclonal antibody were carried out in all the samples. RESULTS: Within Group I, articulation of Ki-67 was constrained to the basal layers. In Group II, cells showing positive expression of Ki-67 were available in the basal, suprabasal, and spinous layers. Cells showing positive expression of Ki-67 among well-differentiated OSCC were presented mainly in the periphery of the tumor nests; in moderately differentiated OSCC, cells were located in both peripheral and part of a center of the tumor nests; and in most cases of poorly differentiated OSCC, cells were diffused. Statistically significant difference in positive expression of Ki-67 was appreciated between three groups. CONCLUSION: Ki-67 antigen may perhaps be used as a marker for the histological reviewing of OED and OSCC. With the increase in the severity of OED, cells showing positive expression of Ki-67 also increased.

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BACKGROUND: Assessing the natural history of oral mucosal lesions with both lichenoid and epithelial dysplastic features through a systematic review of published literature. METHODS: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for oral mucosal lesions showing both lichenoid and epithelial dysplastic features from original studies using the keywords "oral lichenoid dysplasia; oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) with lichenoid features; oral lichen planus (OLP) with dysplastic features; oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) with dysplastic features". RESULTS: The search yielded 152 articles (PubMed-84, Scopus-32, Web of Science-36). Among these only 5 studies complied with the selection criteria including the provision of sufficient clinical and histopathological data. Out of these 5 studies, 181 cases were described to exhibit both lichenoid and epithelial dysplastic features. The most common diagnostic criterion employed was of van der Meij et al. Although some studies accepted the presence of epithelial dysplasia in OLL, most rejected the notion of epithelial dysplasia in OLP and designated such lesions as an OLL or oral lichenoid dysplasia. The few studies which accepted the presence of epithelial dysplasia in OLP rendered a diagnosis of OLP with dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: The review shows that several diagnoses were used for lesions with similar clinicopathological features and distinct clinicopathological entities were designated similar diagnosis. These diagnostic variations are the primary cause for the discrepancies in the prevalence and malignant transformation rates of these enigmatic entities which in turn often leads to erroneous treatment.

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AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental anomalies (DAs) in Odisha population using panoramic radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 1,080 panoramic radiographs were evaluated for DAs. Dental records were reviewed for diagnostic confirmation. Anomalies related to the shape, size, position of teeth, and number of roots (supernumerary roots) were evaluated. RESULTS: The study results showed the prevalence of DAs to be 35.27%. The most prevalent was dilaceration, which was seen in 46.71% cases followed by peg laterals in 20.99%. CONCLUSION: Dental anomalies were present in more than one-third of the study group, which was mostly related to shape of the teeth. Early diagnosis of these DAs helps in avoiding complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Identification of DAs requires proper examination and thereby subsequent correct diagnosis. These anomalies can pose complications in normal functioning of orofacial complex. The knowledge of the prevalence of such anomalies aids dental practitioners for a proper treatment plan.

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AIM: This study aimed to assess oral hygiene-related knowledge and practices among engineering students of Bhubaneswar city and also to evaluate the concepts about the side effects of tobacco usage among those students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted using a self-administered, close-ended questionnaire to assess the oral hygiene knowledge and practices and study the concepts on tobacco usage among 362 engineering students of Bhubaneswar city, Odisha, India. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 20.0. RESULTS: This survey found that 26.51% of the students had never visited a dentist. Nearly 43.64% of the participants were cognizant of the fact that improper brushing is the reason of tooth decay. About 47% of the participants consumed alcohol and 32.6% had the habit of chewing tobacco, though 80% were aware that use of smokeless tobacco can impair oral health and cause cancer and use of alcohol has detrimental effect on oral health. CONCLUSION: Knowledge with respect to oral health among engineering students of Bhubaneswar city is adequate regarding using fluoridated toothpaste and flosses. However, an unhealthy snacking habit, overusage of toothbrushes, consumption of alcohol, and practicing tobacco habit show the lack of oral health knowledge in these students. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provides an idea about the present scenario in terms of oral hygiene and tobacco usage in young individuals. This can form the basis for oral health education and tobacco cessation program. Moreover, as the habit of tobacco usage starts early during college life, adequate knowledge about its ill-effects would prevent deadly diseases, such as potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer.

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INTRODUCTION: An array of odontogenic lesions manifest in the maxillofacial region with variable presentations. The biological behavior of lesions, such as odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), dentigerous cyst (DC), and ameloblastoma (AM) always invite debate. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) is proven to be an indicator of metabolic behavior of several benign and malignant neoplasms. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of GLUT-1 in OKC, DC, and AM to understand their metabolic behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical expression of GLUT-1 was evaluated in each of the 15 cases of OKC, DC, and AM. The number of labeled cells, staining intensity, and membrane or cytoplasmic expressions were the parameters assessed and analyzed using chi-square test. RESULTS: All cases showed positive GLUT-1 expression: 86.6% OKC showed more than 50% labeled cells followed by DC (40%) and AM (26.5%); 53.3% OKC showed strong intensity in comparison to AM, which showed weak intensity in 53.3% cases; 86.6% of OKCs showed both membrane and cytoplasmic expression followed by DC (40%) and AM (26.6%), whereas 73.3% of AM showed only membrane expression followed by DC (60%) and OKC (13.3%). CONCLUSION: Odontogenic keratocyst was found out to be more metabolically active followed by DC and AM.

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