RESUMEN
AIM: The aim of the article is to partially verify the theoretical concept of depressive symptoms in adolescents, based on KID IO "B1", as well as to check the accuracy of the questionnaire. METHOD: The KID results from an untreated sample population of 15-year-olds were statistically analysed. Of the 1118 KID IO "B1" questionnaires submitted, 594 (246 boys and 348 girls) underwent factor analysis, of which 297, i.e. half, gained a result higher than the diagnostic threshold for depression. In search of the presence of general factors, as well as to verify the principles used to categorise depressive symptoms according to clinical criteria, analysis of the factors using methods consisting of oblimin, quatrimax and varimax rotations was carried out separately and combined for both genders. RESULTS: The following new factors were distinguished for boys: I--lowered mood, and anxiety, II--self-destruction, III--apathy, cognitive disturbances, IV--somatic symptoms, V--somatisation, apathy, self-destruction, VI--boredom and avoidance of social contact, and for girls: I--lowered mood, lack of consideration for future repercussions, II--lowered drive, learning difficulties, cognitive and motivational disturbances, III--anxiety, IV--dysphoria with self-destruction, V--self-destruction, VI--eating pattern disturbances. CONCLUSIONS: Depression, as derived from factor analysis of the KID IO "B1" questionnaire positions, is heterogeneous. Theoretical division of symptom groups, relating to the specific scale in the questionnaire, was confirmed to a very small degree through the analysis of the factors. The list of factors in genders differs. The groups of symptoms appearing in both genders gained from analysis are different in boys and girls with one exception, which may partially result from the different factor overviews of depressive symptoms in both genders.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/epidemiología , Autoimagen , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Adolescente , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Trastornos del Humor/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , Polonia/epidemiología , Psicometría , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Autodestructiva/epidemiología , Distribución por Sexo , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this article is partial empirical verification of the depression image theoretical concept underlying the KID IO"C1" construction, and also, a check of the questionnaire's factor relevancy. METHOD: KID results of a study of an untreated population sample of 17-year-olds were analysed statistically. Out of 1823 questionnaires, 1349 were included in the analysis (560 filled in by boys and 789 girls by girls). Of these, 499 respondents received a screening diagnosis of depression. 474 sheets were rejected at random to standardise the distribution of the overall scale results. In search of the presence of a general factor and to verify the legitimacy of the division of depressive symptoms according to the clinical criterion, factor analyses were conducted using the principal components method with oblimin, quatrimax and varimax rotations separately and jointly for both sexes. RESULTS: The following new factors were identified: I--pessimism, II--mood instability, III--difficulty in learning, IV--self-destruction, V--fear of the future, VI--eating problems. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses conducted only partially confirm the validity ofa clinical-picture based questionnaire. A non-compliance of a number of factors with the assumed questionnaire scales emerges. A non-uniform symptomatic depression image in late adolescence phase is confirmed. Two factors stand out decidedly: self-destructive behaviours and eating problems.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/epidemiología , Autoimagen , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Trastornos del Humor/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , Polonia , Psicometría , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Autodestructiva/diagnóstico , Conducta Autodestructiva/epidemiología , Distribución por Sexo , Medio Social , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
In the first part of the paper, authors describe some research tools for the assessment of family functioning, concentrating mainly on self-report questionnaires of the family members. Advantages and methodological limitations of such methods are discussed. Several questionnaires of self-report type are described such as e.g. the Family APGAR, Family Environment Scale, Mc Master Family Assessment Device, as well as Family Assessment Measure (FAM) of Skinner and Steinhauer. Manfred Cierpka Family Assessment Measures are a modification of this last questionnaire. In the second part of the paper authors present in details Cierpka Family Assessment Measures. They describe seven dimensions of the family functioning such as task accomplishment, role performance, communication, emotionality, affective involvement, control and values and norms. Family Assessment Measures consist of three questionnaires such as General Scale, Dyadic Scale and of Self-Rating Scale. General Scale focuses on how individual member views the family as a whole, The Dyadic Scale assesses specific relationship dyads within the family and Self-Rating Scale addresses how an individual member views his or her functioning within the family. At the end, psychometric properties of these questionnaires are presented, as well as the general description, how they should be used in the process of the assessment of the family for research and in clinical practice of family therapy.
Asunto(s)
Familia/psicología , Determinación de la Personalidad/normas , Pruebas Psicológicas/normas , Composición Familiar , Relaciones Familiares , Humanos , Psicometría , Proyectos de InvestigaciónRESUMEN
In this article we present some of the more important findings from research aimed at the validation and normalisation of the Family Assessment Questionnaire (Dyadic Questionnaire, Family Questionnaire, Self-Estimation Questionnaire), which is the Polish adaptation of Manfred Cierpka's and Gabriele Frevert's "Familienboegen". In the presented study 1511 individuals from 557 families took part. Of these 658 individuals (including 162 children) came from 248 families which had no clinical health or adjustment problems, while 853 individuals (including 305 children) came from 309 families with problems due to schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, coronary heart disease or family crisis. A new method of analysing raw results from the questionnaire scales was formulated and verified. This method was based on the criterium of sufficient satisfaction regarding the aspect of family life measured by the scale. The original scales of all the questionnaires (Task Completion, Role Performance, Communication, Emotionality, Affective Involvement, Control, and Values and norms) were characterised by average or low reliability; the general scales were characterised by high reliability (the Dyadic Questionnaire with very high reliability). As a result of factor analysis new scales were created with acceptable or high reliability. These were the scale of Positive statements, the scale of Negative statements in the dyadic and family questionnaires, and the scales of kindness, care and resentment in the Self-Estimation Questionnaire. The general scales and the factor scales generally significantly differentiated between the sub-samples selected due to the type of family problems present and relationship. On the other hand the 7 original scales did so only sporadically or weakly. Better results were obtained by families without health or adjustment problems while the worst results were obtained by families in crisis.