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Background: Both knotless and knot-tying anchors are commonly employed in the arthroscopic repair of hip labral tears. Purpose: To compare the midterm clinical results of arthroscopic hip labral repair using knot-tying versus knotless suture anchors. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients who underwent arthroscopic hip labral repair between January 2017 and January 2021 and who had at least 2 years of follow-up were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the suture anchor type: a 2.9-mm knotless suture anchor (knotless group) or a 1.8-mm knot-tying suture anchor (knot-tying group). All patients underwent femoroplasty for cam lesions and acetabular rim trimming for pincer lesions. The modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Hip Outcome Score-Sport-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), Hip Outcome Score-Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL), 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-12), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain were administered both preoperatively and postoperatively. The consistency of the outcome scores was assessed using the minimal clinically important difference and Patient Acceptable Symptom State. The statistical significance between groups was evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test and quantile-based analysis of variance. Results: A total of 413 patients were included: 256 patients in the knotless group (median age, 35 years [interquartile range, 31-38 years]; median follow-up, 34 months) and 157 patients in the knot-tying group (median age, 34 years [interquartile range, 30-38 years]; median follow-up, 25 months). There were no significant differences in postoperative mHHS, HOS-ADL, or iHOT-12 scores between the 2 groups. However, there were significant differences, favoring the knotless group over the knot-tying group, in postoperative HOS-SSS (87 ± 2 vs 86 ± 1, respectively) and VAS pain (1 vs 2, respectively) scores (P < .0001 for both). Postoperative synovitis was found in significantly more patients in the knot-tying group than in the knotless group (17 vs 5, respectively; P = .01). Conclusion: In this study, patients who underwent arthroscopic hip labral repair with knotless suture anchors had slightly better postoperative HOS-SSS and VAS pain scores and a lower incidence of postoperative synovitis compared with patients who underwent repair with knot-tying suture anchors.

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PURPOSE: Glenohumeral instability with combined bone lesion in contact and overhead athletes with subcritical bone loss is challenging to treat with high recurrent instability. Treatment options are arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage and Latarjet operations. However, there is no consensus on their effectiveness. This study aims to compare the clinical outcomes and return to sports after both operations and whether evaluating the glenoid bone loss and Hill-Sachs width to calculate the total bone loss can help determine the appropriate operation. METHODS: In this retrospective comparative analysis, 30 athletes who underwent index arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage (n = 16) or Latarjet procedure (n = 14) between 2017 and 2020 were included. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were routinely performed. The quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (qDASH), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), instability severity index (ISI) scores and range of motion (ROM) were recorded preoperatively and at a mean follow-up of 53 months (SD = 12). Follow-up included time-to-return sports, self-perceived sports performance level and complications/recurrent dislocations. RESULTS: Preoperative qDASH, ASES, ISI scores, ages and genders were similar. The Latarjet group had significantly larger glenoid bone loss, Hill-Sachs width and total bone loss (p < 0.01). Both groups had significant improvement in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after the operations (p < 0.01). Athletes with a total bone loss <25% underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage and total bone loss ≥25% underwent Latarjet procedure, and there were no differences between the groups in terms of postoperative PROs, ROM, time-to-return sports and performance. There were no re-dislocations. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage or Latarjet procedure can adequately address glenohumeral instability with combined bone lesions. Patients with total bone loss scores greater than or equal to 25 may particularly benefit from the Latarjet procedure, while the minimally invasive arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage can yield equally satisfying scores for total bone loss less than 25. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the results of arthroscopic isolated Bankart repair (B) with Bankart repair plus Remplissage (B + R) procedure in contact overhead athletes with on-track anterior shoulder instability. METHODS: A total of 64 athletes playing basketball, volleyball and handball in elite professional level who underwent arthroscopic isolated Bankart repair (34 patients) or Bankart repair plus Remplissage procedure (30 patients) with the diagnosis of recurrent anterior shoulder instability between 2017 and 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. Radiologically all patients had on-track Hill-Sachs defects and minimal or subcritical glenoid bone loss (< 13.5%). Patients were evaluated using pre- and postoperative pVAS, SANE, ASES, ROWE, WOSI scores and postoperative active ROM assessment. Patients were also asked for the frequency of any subjective apprehension and satisfaction with the surgery in four grades. RESULTS: The mean ages of the groups B and B + R were 26.8 and 26 years (SD = 3.22), respectively; the mean follow-up times were 37.8 and 36.2 months (SD = 11.19). Compared with the preoperative status, there was a statistically significant improvement of all 5 postoperative outcome scores in both groups (P < 0.001). However, significant difference between the improvement of the groups were only found for the SANE (B: 22.3 ± 4.1, B + R: 26.3 ± 4.3; P = 0.0004), ASES (B: 26.1 ± 2.6, B + R: 30.2 ± 3.6; P < 0.001) and ROWE (B: 42 ± 3.7, B + R: 47.7 ± 2.8; P < 0.001) scores in favor of the group B + R. The loss of internal and external rotation of the adducted arm in group B + R was found to be approximately 5 degrees compared to the group B (P < 0.001). More than 80% of group B + R showed no apprehension in sports activities and almost completely returned to pre-injury athletic level, depicting statistically significant improvement compared to group B athletes (P = 0.002 and 0.036, respectively). 3 patients developed re-dislocation after isolated Bankart repair, whereas no re-dislocation occurred in the B + R group. CONCLUSION: Adding Remplissage procedure to the Bankart repair provided an advantage in terms of both return to sport at preinjury level and the frequency of apprehension sensation during sports activity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

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Background: Single-step all-arthroscopic techniques have gained popularity recently in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT). Concomitant subchondral bone defects led surgeons to add autologous bone grafting to the surgical procedures. Collagen scaffolds have been used widely for stabilization of the reconstruction and regeneration of the articular surface. Purpose: To compare single-step all-arthroscopic treatment of OLT consisting of debridement, microfracture, autologous bone grafting, and application of fibrin sealant in 2 patient groups: with versus without collagen scaffold. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were 94 patients who underwent single-step all-arthroscopic treatment for OLT. Autologous bone grafting was applied to 48 patients (BG group), while autologous bone grafting plus collagen scaffold was applied to 46 patients (BG+S group). A fibrin sealant was applied to both groups. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Radiological outcomes were evaluated with the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue score. The mean follow-up time was 69.3 ± 20.7 months. Results: Patients in both groups showed statistically significant improvement in pre- to postoperative AOFAS and VAS scores (P < .001 for all), with no difference between groups in AOFAS and VAS score improvement. Complete healing with or without hypertrophy was achieved in 42 patients in the BG group (87.5%) and 38 patients in the BG+S group (82.6%). Conclusion: The treatment of bone lesions in OLT may be the ultimate goal to obtain successful outcomes, in which case using a collagen scaffold besides grafting may not affect clinical and radiological outcomes.

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Background and objectives: Preoperative anxiety is an enormous feeling of fear that is seen in all patients undergoing surgery. The severity of anxiety may vary depending on the type of surgery and anesthesia to be performed. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of brachial plexus blocks and general anesthesia methods on preoperative anxiety levels in patients who will undergo orthopedic upper-extremity surgery and to determine the factors affecting anxiety. Materials and Methods: After randomization, the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Knowledge Scale (APAIS) questionnaire was applied to the patients to determine the preoperative anxiety level, and then anesthesia was applied according to the anesthesia type determined. Pain scores (1, 8, 16, and 24 h) and total opioid consumption of the patients were recorded postoperatively. Results: The APAIS score of the patients in the general anesthesia (GA) group was significantly higher (p = 0.021). VAS score medians at 1, 4, and 8 h postoperatively were found to be significantly higher in the GA group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively). Conclusions: USG-guided BPB may cause less anxiety than GA in patients who will undergo elective upper-extremity surgery. However, these patients have moderate anxiety, although it is more associated with advanced age, female gender, and education level.

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PURPOSE: Despite modern operative techniques and a considerable number of studies in the literature, the best treatment for calcaneal fractures remains an enigma for orthopaedic surgeons. The purpose of the study was to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes between anatomic calcaneal plate (ACP) fixation and crossed Schanz pin (CSP) fixation in the treatment of Sanders type II and III displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures (DICFs). METHODS: Consecutive 65 patients (49 males, 16 females) who underwent surgery for DCIFs between January 2009 and February 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups as ACP and CSP according to the operative technique. The groups were compared in terms of demographic features, injury mechanism, operation time, fluoroscopy exposure, complications, full weight-bearing time, functional, and radiological outcomes. RESULTS: VAS-rest score did not differ significantly between the groups while the VAS-activity score was significantly higher in the CSP group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.645, respectively). Foot Function Index (FFI) was significantly lower, Maryland Foot Score (MFS) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society-hindfoot score (AOFAS) were significantly higher in the ACP group (p = 0.047, p = 0.016, and p < 0.001, respectively). While no difference was observed between the preoperative and the early post-operative (1st day) Böhler angle and Gissane angle, both were significantly higher in the ACP group at the post-operative last control (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although crossed Schanz pin fixation shortens the operation time in displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures compared to anatomic calcaneal plate, increased fluoroscopy exposure rates and low functional and radiological outcomes are disadvantageous of crossed Schanz pin. Anatomic calcaneal plate is still a better technique for preserving the alignment and elevating the displaced intra-articular segment for good to excellent mid-term results.

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PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and depression with pediatric extremity fractures. METHODS: Between November 2014 and November 2016, consecutive 138 patients with pediatric extremity fractures were prospectively investigated in terms of the tendency to anxiety, depression, or ADHD in the study group. Consecutive 168 non-trauma patients who were admitted to general pediatrics outpatient clinic were included the control group. Patients were performed with Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale-Parents Form (T-DSM-IV S), The Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), and The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). RESULTS: There were not any significant differences between study and control groups regarding the age, gender distribution, economical level, or previous psychiatric admission rates (p > 0.05). In the study group, the previous ADHD history and previous fracture history were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). In the study group, the severity of depressive signs and anxiety were significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.000 and p = 0.019; respectively). Regarding the previous fracture history, conduct disorder and tendency to depression were significantly higher in the study group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The signs of ADHD, anxiety, and depression were determined to be higher in children with extremity fractures compared with the non-traumatic population. In patients with especially behavioral problems and depressive signs, directing to the child and adolescent psychiatrists will be protective to prevent re-fractures and high-energy traumas.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the functional and radiological outcomes of K-wire-supported bridging external fixation (KW-EF) and volar locking plate (VLP) in the treatment of comminuted intra-articular distal radius fractures. METHODS: Patients treated for complex intra-articular distal radius fractures between February 2010 and April 2013 were retrospectively investigated. A total of 114 patients (42 females and 72 males) with a mean age of 44.9±15.4 (range: 18-86) years were evaluated. Wrist ranges of motion were measured using a universal goniometer, and hand grip strength was determined using hand dynamometers. The results were evaluated with Gartland-Werley score. QuickDASH questionnaire was administered in subjective functional assessment. Radiological evaluations were performed, with wrist radiographs obtained on the 3rd month and 2nd year. RESULTS: Wrist flexion, extension, pronation, and supination were all significantly better in the VLP group than in the KW-EF group at last control (p=0.001). Gartland-Werley, QuickDASH, and Visual Analog Scale were significantly better in the VLP than group than in the KW-EF group (p=0.003, p=0.003, and p=0.001, respectively). At the last follow-up, loss of grip strength compared with that on the uninjured side was 4% in the VLP group and 7% in the KW-EF group. CONCLUSION: VLP is a safe method with low complication rates. It is superior to KW-EF as it facilitates early return to daily activities and shows better functional and radiological outcomes in the 2nd year of treatment.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency and cost of cell salvage systems with allogeneic blood transfusions in patients who had major elective orthopedic surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive 108 patients who had intraoperative cell saver (CS) performed routinely constitute the study group. In control group, consecutive 112 patients who were operated without intraoperative CS were investigated. Hemoglobin (Hb) level less than 8 mg/dL was regarded as the absolute transfusion indication. The patients were evaluated for age, gender, body mass index, operation period, mean intraoperative estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative hemovac drainage volume; preoperative, postoperative first day and discharge Hb levels, allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT) volume, hospitalization and cost parameters. RESULTS: The mean intraoperative EBL was 507 mL in the study group and 576 mL in control group. The mean ABT was 300 mL in the study group and 715 mL in control group. In the study group, intraoperative EBL, ABT usage and hospitalization period were significantly lower compared with the control group (p = 0.009, p = 0.000 and p = 0.000; p < 0.05, respectively). The mean cost was 771 Turkish liras (TL) in the study group and 224 TL in control group. In the study group, the cost was significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.000). The postoperative first day Hb level was significantly higher in the study group (p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: Although CS usage was determined to increase the costs in this study, it significantly decreases intraoperative and postoperative ABT requirements. We believe that the increase in cost may be neglected when the complications and prolonged hospitalization due to ABT usage were regarded.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma on healing rates and healing time in the treatment of long bone nonunions treated by an intramedullary nail previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2008 and January 2012, 14 consecutive patients who were treated for long bone nonunions with percutaneous platelet-rich plasma application (PRP) were included in the study. The control group included 15 consecutive patients who were treated with exchange intramedullary nailing (EIN). In the postoperative period, all patients were controlled in every 2 weeks clinically and in every 4 weeks radiologically. Patients were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS) in preoperative and postoperative periods. RESULTS: The mean healing time was shorter in PRP group as 16.71 ± 2.4 weeks compared with that of 19.07 ± 3.67 weeks in EIN group (p = 0.053). At the end of the follow-up, the union is achieved in 92.8% of the cases in PRP group. This ratio was 80% in control group. The mean VAS values in preoperative and postoperative periods were not statistically significant in both groups (p > 0.05). When PRP and control groups were evaluated individually, the postoperative VAS was lower than that of preoperative VAS in both groups (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous PRP application significantly affected union rate, but no significant difference found when compared to EIN in the treatment of oligotrophic nonunions after intramedullary nailing of long bone fractures. PRP can be applied as a minimally invasive and safe method of saving resources in medical care instead of EIN.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the musculoskeletal injury types, injury mechanisms, surgical techniques and treatment costs of Syrian refugees. METHODS: Totally 158 patients (67 female, 91 male) treated in our clinic in 34 months period between January 2012 and October 2014 were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 39.3 years (range: 18-82 years). The patients were evaluated for age, gender, mechanism of injury, location and type of fracture, presence of accompanying injuries, injury severity score, surgical technique, complications, mortality/morbidity and treatment cost. RESULTS: The injuries were more frequently reported in lower extremities, upper extremities and axial skeleton, respectively. Blunt trauma was significantly higher in upper extremity injuries compared with the other types of injuries (p = 0.001). Fractures were most commonly reported in foot/ankle region and in males, hand/wrist fractures were significantly higher than that of the females. Plate fixation of upper extremity fractures and intramedullary nailing in lower extremity fractures were the most commonly preferred treatment modalities. The mean hospitalization period of patients was 5.6 days and the mean treatment cost was 3844 Turkish Liras (TL). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was shown that there was a statistically significant increase in the cost of health expenses in patients with fall from heights or gunshot wound, with fractures in axial skeleton or with the ISS score between 16 and 66. The cost rise was associated with worse prognosis, complications, intensive care treatments and prolonged hospitalization periods.

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