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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Though rodenticidal hepatotoxicity is reported from India, there is no systematic study to assess its magnitude. This study aimed to assess exposure to rodenticide as a risk factor for acute hepatotoxicity in Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed acute hepatotoxicity caused by ingestion of hepatotoxin or potentially hepatotoxic drug overdose across 15 hospitals in 6 districts of Tamil Nadu from 1 January 2019 to 30 June 2019. Study exclusion criteria were idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and chronic liver diseases. RESULTS: Of the 702 patients, 685 gave history of consuming rodenticide; hepatotoxicity in the other patients resulted from paracetamol overdose (n=10) and due to other drugs (n=7); 97% patients had a suicidal intent. Of 671 patients with complete data, ratio of number of patients with hepatotoxicity due to rodenticide to paracetamol overdose was 450:6 (i.e. 75:1). The 451 rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients (255 males, 75% were 15-34 years old) underwent conservative management (n=396), plasma exchange (n=54) and plasma exchange followed by liver transplant (n=1); 159 patients (35%) had poor outcome (131 died, 28 discharged in moribund state). Based on our observations, we estimate a case burden of 1584 rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients (95% CI: 265-6119) with poor outcome in 554 patients in Tamil Nadu from January 2019 to June 2019. Population attributable risk for rodenticide as cause of hepatotoxicity was 22.7%. CONCLUSION: Rodenticide ingestion was an important cause of acute hepatotoxicity in Tamil Nadu. Most patients were young and one-third had poor outcome. Public health interventions are needed to address this.

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Achalasia cardia is an esophageal motility disorder rarely reported in children and more so in young infants. Common clinical presentations include vomiting, dysphagia, regurgitation, recurrent pulmonary aspiration and failure to thrive. Diagnosis is made by barium swallow study and esophageal manometry, which is the gold standard test. Pharmocological management and endotherapy often fails and results in recurrence of symptoms. Laparoscopic Hellers myotomy, with or without anti-reflux procedure is the standard treatment of choice for children. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy is utilized for treatment of achalasia in adults, but its safety, efficacy, and feasibility is not studied in children.

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Microvillus inclusion disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of intestinal epithelium causing intractable secretary diarrhea in the first two months of life and about 140 cases have been reported worldwide till now. Here authors report 2 cases of Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) diagnosed in neonates by electron microscopy study of small intestinal biopsy.

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BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal bleeding in children has diverse etiologies. CASE CHARACTERISTICS: Two children (age 3y and 7y) with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Computed tomography demonstrated features of chronic pancreatitis but no vessel abnormality. Conventional angiography revealed bleeding from gastroduodenal artery in both cases. OUTCOME: Coil embolization of gastroduodenal vessels was performed, and there was no recurrence of bleeding. MESSAGE: Hemosuccus pancreaticus is to be considered in children with chronic pancreatitis presenting with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and conventional angiography with coil embolization is helpful.

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AIM: To study the bowel pattern of children in general population and children with habit constipation with respect to food habits and regarding psychosocial aspect of toileting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective descriptive study was done in the Institute of child health and hospital for children, Chennai, with two groups, Functional constipation group and Normal bowel pattern group. The functional group included the children with the age group of 2-12 years, of either sex who fulfilled the ROME III criteria for constipation. Normal bowel pattern group had school children of age group 6-12 years of age and 2-5-year-old children attending OPD for minor ailments. The demographic profile, socioeconomic status, complaints, psychosocial aspects affecting bowel pattern and diet chart were collected and recorded from the parents in proforma. Stool frequency and type of stool passed were recorded for a week, with Bristol stool chart. RESULTS: A total of 523 and 131 children were analysed for normal bowel pattern and functional constipation respectively. Data analysis done using SPSS version 15. The prevalence of functional constipation was noted in 13.5% with female preponderance and in the age group of 2-4 years. CONCLUSION: Constipation continues to be a problem, mostly under recognised in older population. Psychosocial factors had a significant effect on functional constipation. Skipping breakfast, early toilet training, low intake of vegetables and fruits were other factors of significance leading to constipation.

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BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not uncommon in children and is an important cause of morbidity. Since information on IBD in Indian children is sparse, the study aimed at highlighting the salient features in them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire survey was done among 221 children and adolescents with IBD [ulcerative colitis (UC) 93 (42.1 %); Crohn's disease (CD) 122 (55.2 %); unclassified (IBD-U) 6 (2.7 %)] across seven centers in India. The cut-off age was 18 years and below. RESULTS: The mean age of presentation for UC and CD was 10.2 ± 4.4 and 11.0 ± 4.5 years, respectively, with no gender difference. Diarrhea (69.9 %, p = 0.001) and blood in the stools (90.3 %, p = 0.0001) were common in UC, whereas abdominal pain (73.8 %, p = 0.01), fever (39.3 %, p = 0.0001), anemia (64.7 %, p = 0.001), and growth failure (76.2 %, p = 0.0001) were common in CD. Extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) were a feature in 23.6 % and 36.1 % of UC and CD, respectively. Pancolitis (E3) was predominant in UC (70.9 %) and 88 % required steroids. Ileocolonic CD (L3) was common in 72.9 %; 76.2 % required azathioprine for maintenance. Of the children with UC, 11.8 % had complications like massive hemorrhage and toxic megacolon, while 27 % of CD had fistulae, perianal abscess, stricture, and perforation. Biologicals were used in 0.8 % of severe UC and in 12.2 % of CD. In UC, 4.3 % required surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (P-IBD) in India shares similarities with adult-onset IBD. Distinctive features were growth failure and more severe forms of the disease necessitating immunomodulators.

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