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Background: The values of arterial blood gases (ABG) change with altitude above sea level; empirical verification is essential because ventilatory acclimatization varies with ethnicity and a population's adaptation. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe ABG in a healthy population residing at 2,240 meters above sea level, to identify the mean level of alveolar ventilation (PaCO2), and to know whether a progressive increase in PaCO2 occurs with age and the impact of increasing body mass index (BMI). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a referral center for respiratory diseases in Mexico City. Associations among variables with correlation coefficient and regression models of PaO2, SaO2, and P(A-a)O2 as dependent variables as a function of age, BMI, minute ventilation, or breathing frequency were explored. Results: Two hundred and seventeen healthy subjects were evaluated with a mean age of 40 ± 15 years, mean of the PaO2 was 71 ± 6 mmHg, SaO2 94% ± 1.6%, PaCO2 30.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, HCO3 20 ± 2 mmol/L, BE-2.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, and the value of pH was 7.43 ± 0.02. In a linear regression, the main results were PaO2 = 77.5-0.16*age (p < 0.0001) and with aging P(A-a)O2 tended to increase 0.12 mmHg/year. PaCO2 in women increased with age by 0.075 mmHg/year (p = 0.0012, PaCO2 =26.3 + 0.075*age). SaO2 and PaO2 decreased significantly in women with higher BMI 0.14% and 0.52 mmHg per kg/m2, (p = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively). Conclusion: Mean PaCO2 was 30.7 mmHg, implying a mean alveolar ventilation of around 30% above that at sea level.
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Envejecimiento , Altitud , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , GasesRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Background The values of arterial blood gases (ABG) change with altitude above sea level; empirical verification is essential because ventilatory acclimatization varies with ethnicity and a population's adaptation. Objective The aim of the study was to describe ABG in a healthy population residing at 2,240 meters above sea level, to identify the mean level of alveolar ventilation (PaCO2), and to know whether a progressive increase in PaCO2 occurs with age and the impact of increasing body mass index (BMI). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in a referral center for respiratory diseases in Mexico City. Associations among variables with correlation coefficient and regression models of PaO2, SaO2, and P(A-a)O2 as dependent variables as a function of age, BMI, minute ventilation, or breathing frequency were explored. Results Two hundred and seventeen healthy subjects were evaluated with a mean age of 40 ± 15 years, mean of the PaO2 was 71 ± 6 mmHg, SaO2 94% ± 1.6%, PaCO2 30.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, HCO3 20 ± 2 mmol/L, BE-2.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, and the value of pH was 7.43 ± 0.02. In a linear regression, the main results were PaO2 = 77.5-0.16*age (p < 0.0001) and with aging P(A-a)O2 tended to increase 0.12 mmHg/year. PaCO2 in women increased with age by 0.075 mmHg/year (p = 0.0012, PaCO2 =26.3 + 0.075*age). SaO2 and PaO2 decreased significantly in women with higher BMI 0.14% and 0.52 mmHg per kg/m2, (p = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively). Conclusion Mean PaCO2 was 30.7 mmHg, implying a mean alveolar ventilation of around 30% above that at sea level.
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BACKGROUND: Measurements of inspiratory capacity (IC) and vital capacity (VC) are used to recognize dynamic hyperinflation, but appropriate reference values are required to achieve accurate clinical interpretations. Altitude above sea level is a potential determining factor for lung volumes, including IC and VC. OBJECTIVE: To describe IC and VC for healthy people who live in Mexico City at an altitude of 2,240 m above sea level. METHODS: Healthy subjects ages 9-81 y completed slow spirometry by following 2005 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society standards. Once associations were explored, linear regression models were constructed and values were compared with those from previously published equations. RESULTS: A total of 441 healthy subjects (55.1% women) participated. The mean age was 32 y (minimum age, 9 y; maximum age, 81 y). IC and VC measurements were associated with sex, age, height, and weight. An accelerated increase in IC and VC was evident from 9 to 20 y of age, followed by a gradual decrease in both sexes. In general, IC was higher in our population than predicted by previously published reference equations. CONCLUSIONS: IC in healthy people at 2,240 m above sea level was higher than that of previous reports about European and Latin-American subjects of the same height, sex, and age who were at sea level. The present study provided robust reference values for persons who lived at a moderate altitude.
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Capacidad Inspiratoria/fisiología , Espirometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Capacidad Vital/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Altitud , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Niño , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valores de Referencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Although spirometry quality standards for children were proposed by American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) in 2007, there is limited information on the percentage of children that fulfill these criteria during routine clinical testing, especially among 5-to-8-year-olds. AIMS OF THE STUDY: to report the percentage of children that met the current 2007 ATS/ERS quality criteria; explore factors potentially associated with poor quality spirometry; and ascertain the repeatability of forced expiratory volume at 0.5 sec (FEV0.5 ), and at 1 sec (FEV1 ), as well as forced vital capacity (FVC). METHODS: We evaluated the quality of spirometries without bronchodilator use performed at our laboratory in 2008 by 5-to-8-year-old children. FEV1 , FEV0.5 , FVC, back-extrapolated volume (BEV), forced expiratory time (FET), number of acceptable maneuvers, and repeatability, were computed and the percentage of tests that met the quality criteria standards was calculated. Based on our results, we propose a quality scoring system for spirometry for children that grades on a scale from A-to-F. RESULTS: Three hundred seventy-six spirometries were reviewed. Mean age was 6.7 years; (53% males); 68% fulfilled the 2005 and 2007 ATS/ERS quality standards; >90% reached a repeatability ≤150 and ≤100 ml, or 10%, in FVC or FEV1 ; 87.2% reached FET ≥3 sec; 88% had a BEV ≤80 ml. The 90 percentile repeatability was 120 ml for FVC and FEV1 . Quality improved with age. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the proposal that a FET ≥3 sec, a BEV ≤80 ml, and repeatability in FEV1 and FVC ≤100 ml, or 10%, be taken into account as elements in quality control for spirometry in children.