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Landfills are the primary endpoint for the disposal of PFAS-laden waste, which subsequently releases PFAS to the surrounding environments through landfill leachate. Ozone foam fractionation emerges as a promising technology for PFAS removal to address the issue. This study aims to (i) assess the effectiveness of the ozone foam fractionation system to remove PFAS from landfill leachate, and (ii) quantify equilibrium PFAS adsorption onto the gas-water interface of ozone bubbles, followed by a comparison with air foam fractionation. The results show that ozone foam fractionation is effective for PFAS removal from landfill leachate, with more than 90 % long-chain PFAS removed. The identified operating conditions provide valuable insights for industrial applications, guiding the optimization of ozone flow rates (1 L/min), dosing (43 mg/L) and minimizing foamate production (4 % wettability). The equilibrium modelling reveals that the surface excess of air bubbles exceeds that of ozone bubbles by 20-40 % at a corresponding PFAS concentration. However, the overall removal of PFAS from landfill leachate by ozone foam fractionation remains substantial. Notably, ozone foam fractionation generates foamate volumes 2 - 4 times less, resulting in significant cost savings for the final disposal of waste products and reduced site storage requirements.

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INTRODUCTION: Accurate definition of the presence and extent of large nerve perineural spread (PNS) is a vital component in planning appropriate surgery and radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Our research aimed to define the sensitivity and specificity of 3T MRI in detecting the presence and extent of large nerve PNS, compared with histologic evaluation. METHODS: Retrospective review of surgically proven cases of large nerve PNS in patients with preoperative 3T MRI performed as high resolution neurogram. RESULTS: 3T MRI had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 84%, detecting PNS in 36 of 38 nerves and correctly identifying uninvolved nerves in 16 of 19 cases. It correctly identified the zonal extent of spread in 32 of 36 cases (89%), underestimating the extent in three cases and overestimating the extent in one case. CONCLUSION: Targeted 3T MRI is highly accurate in defining the presence and extent of large nerve PNS in head and neck cancers. However, there is still a tendency to undercall the zonal extent due to microscopic, radiologically occult involvement. Superficial large nerve involvement also remains a difficult area of detection for radiologists and should be included as a 'check area' for review. Further research is required to define the role radiation-induced neuritis plays in the presence of false-positive PNS on MRI.

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BACKGROUND: Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction in adults often utilizes screw fixation in the distal femur. The aim was to define the safety of similar fixation in young patients, with respect to their open physis. PURPOSE: To define the age-related relationship between the femoral insertion of the MPFL and the medial aspect of the distal femoral physis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The study investigates whether screw fixation at this point is safe with respect to patient age and screw inclination. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Retrospective review of the MRI scans of 159 skeletally immature patients. The femoral insertion of the MPFL was defined with respect to the distal femoral physis. The predicted paths of 2-cm screw fixation were simulated both parallel to the joint line and 45° distally oblique; physeal and joint penetration were noted when present. Results are plotted against age and compared as quartile ranges. RESULTS: The femoral insertion of the MPFL was found to be distal to the distal femoral physis in all patients by an average of 10 mm (range, 2-16 mm). The mean distance increases slightly with age in a nonlinear relationship (r = 0.51, P < .001) from 9 mm at age 10 years to 12 mm by age 16 years. For the classic, parallel screw, the risk of physeal breach is high for all age groups (mean, 64%). For the novel, oblique screw, joint penetration and physeal breach were less prevalent (mean, 13%), and importantly, the vast majority of these breaches were in younger children (age <9 years 9 months). With oblique screws, older children were at significantly lower risk than younger children (<3% vs 48%; P < .001). CONCLUSION: This study accurately defines the relationship between the femoral insertion of the MPFL and the distal femoral physis in children and adolescents. A high risk of potentially poor outcomes was found during anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL in children utilizing classic (parallel) screw fixation, irrespective of age. However, in children older than 10 years, a 20-mm screw, from the anatomic MPFL insertion and directed 45° distally oblique, should be safe in 98% of patients.