RESUMEN
Microplastics' (MPs) abundance, small size, and global distribution render them bioavailable to a variety of organisms directly or by trophic transfer, yet examinations in marine apex predators are currently limited. The present study investigated the occurrence of MPs sized 125 µm-5 mm in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranded in South Carolina, USA from 2017 to 2018. MPs, mostly fibers, were detected in all GITs (n = 7) of stranded bottlenose dolphins. Total suspected MPs ranged between 123 and 422 particles/individual, a high range among international studies. Comparison to other studies likely reflects differences in both methods and location. This is the first study from North America to quantify MPs in a small coastal cetacean outside Arctic waters and the first specifically in bottlenose dolphins (southeastern United States). Findings and methodology from this investigation can aid future studies examining MP in marine apex predators.
Asunto(s)
Delfín Mular , Animales , Tracto Gastrointestinal , Microplásticos , América del Norte , Plásticos , South Carolina , Sudeste de Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Alostasis , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil/epidemiología , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil/fisiopatología , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Niño , Preescolar , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , MasculinoRESUMEN
Autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with thinning of the anterior corpus callosum (ARHSP-TCC) due to mutations in SPG11 on chromosome 15q (MIM610844) is the single most common cause of ARHSP. It is characterized by slowly progressive paraparesis and peripheral neuropathy. Although cognitive impairment, sometimes diagnosed as mental retardation, is an almost invariable feature, the extent and specific neuropsychological features are not fully understood. We report a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment in two ARHSP-TCC patients harbouring mutations in SPG11. A specific impairment in executive functions occurring even before cognitive decline, may be considered the core of the neuropsychological profile of patients harbouring mutations in SPG11.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Calloso/patología , Mutación/genética , Paraparesia Espástica , Proteínas/genética , Adolescente , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/genética , Trastornos del Conocimiento/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Paraparesia Espástica/complicaciones , Paraparesia Espástica/genética , Paraparesia Espástica/patologíaRESUMEN
Nine children (five males, four females; age range 6 years 1 month to 11 years 1 month) affected by benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal or Rolandic spikes (BECRS) with EEG evidence of marked activation of interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) during sleep, and nine unaffected control children matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, were enrolled in a prospective study. At the time of detection of IED activation during sleep, patients showed a mean Full-Scale IQ score within the normal range, but significantly below that of control participants; neuropsychological assessment revealed disorders in visuospatial short-term memory (Corsi's Block Tapping Test), attention, and cognitive flexibility (Trail Making Test and Stroop Color-Word Test), picture naming, and fluency (Benton's Naming Test and Word Fluency), visuoperceptual skill (Ghent-Poppelreuter and Street Gestalt Completion Tests) and visuomotor coordination (Bender Test). After detection of IED activation during sleep, children were followed up for 2 years. At the time of IED remission (T1), neuropsychological re-evaluation showed a notable increase in IQ score and a significant improvement (t-test: p<0.007) in visuomotor coordination, non-verbal short-term memory, sustained attention and mental flexibility, picture naming, and visual-perceptual performance. At T1, patients' performance did not differ from the controls (Mann-Whitney U test).
Asunto(s)
Atención , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Epilepsia Rolándica/complicaciones , Trastornos de la Memoria/etiología , Desempeño Psicomotor , Fases del Sueño , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Diazepam/uso terapéutico , Electroencefalografía , Epilepsia Rolándica/diagnóstico , Epilepsia Rolándica/fisiopatología , Epilepsia Rolándica/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Inteligencia , Masculino , Trastornos de la Memoria/diagnóstico , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Polisomnografía , Estudios Prospectivos , Inducción de RemisiónRESUMEN
The effects of rapid rectal diazepam introduction (DZP test) were investigated in 43 patients (age range 5 months-14 years) with electrical status epilepticus (ESE) undergoing EEG monitoring. A remission of the paroxysmal activity was obtained in 58% of cases, a negative response in 42%, particularly in hypsarrhythmic patterns. DZP test responders were aged over 12 months with organized paroxysmal EEG patterns, in particular with ESE during sleep (ESES). The patients who responded to the DZP test underwent short cycles (3-4 weeks) of relatively high dosage DZP (0.5-0.75 mg/kg). The response to treatment was positive in 64%, particularly in ESES conditions. 56% of responders to the DZP test but not to DZP therapy (five out of nine patients) presented a significant mental retardation; maturational factors were also likely to be present.