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BACKGROUND: Understanding the evolution of morphological features and their relationship with physical performance may assist coaches and institutions in developing the next generation of beach volleyball (BV) athletes for senior-level competition. Thus, this study analyzed the morphological features of Brazilian BV athletes by sex among age groups, and their relationship with physical performance. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate Brazilian BV players of both sexes in the U15 (11-14 years old, N.=21), U18 (15-17 years old, N.=21) and Senior (≥18 years old, N.=19) categories. The players underwent a series of kinanthropometric tests, including morphological (anthropometry, body composition and somatotype), neuromuscular (flexibility, handgrip strength, vertical jump [VJ], agility, and 5-m and 10-m maximum-speed sprints), and metabolic (VO2max) measurements. Welch analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the categories and the relationship between morphological and physical performance features was analyzed using Pearson's coefficient (r). RESULTS: Significant differences were found among the categories for female (body mass, skeletal muscle mass, hamstring flexibility, handgrip strength [HGS]) and male (body mass, height, BMI, skeletal muscle mass, flexibility, HGS, vertical jump, agility, maximum-speed sprints, and VO2max) players. Moreover, moderate, and strong correlations were identified between morphological features and physical performance (-0.90≤r≤0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The morphological and physical performance features of BV athletes varied among the U15, U18, and Senior categories, as expected due to their physical training process. Additionally, there are several morphological features that are correlated with physical performance, but the magnitude seems to depend on sex and category.

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Beach volleyball is an important team sport in which physical, technical, tactical,and psychological/social aspects are fundamental to sporting performance. However, this is the first review to analyse scientific production on psychological variables in beach volleyball. This is an integrative review in which a systematic search was carried out in five electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus and BIREME) until September 2022. The terms used were "beach volleyball" OR "voleibolde praia" OR "vôlei de praia". In addition, the search included research with athletes, acute and chronic outcomes, and studies of various methods (e.g.,experimental, observational) involving psychological variables. The initial search identified 652 articles, and after the manual search and application of the inclusion criteria, 18 studies were integrated into a final synthesis.Most of the studies were published between 2011 and 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). Observational design was the main method used (n= 10; 55.56%). The studies were grouped into nine major topics for synthesis: stress situation, activation levels, concentration, goal orientation and motivation, mental fatigue and performance, anxiety,and performance, discouraging environments, relationships between team members, coping strategies. In general, social relationships and self-control appear significant for performance; thus,coaches must serve as role models for players and sports psychologists can aid in monitoring psychological variables, team dynamics, and develop psychological skills.(AU)

El vóleyplaya es un importante deporte de equipo en el que los aspectos físicos, técnicos, tácticos y psicológicos/sociales son fundamentales para el rendimiento deportivo. Sin embargo, esta es la primera revisión que analiza la producción científica sobre variables psicológicas en vóleyplaya. Se trata de una revisión integradora en la que se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cinco bases de datos electrónicas (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus y BIREME) hasta septiembre de 2022. Los términos utilizados fueron "beach volleyball" OR "voleibol de praia" OR "vôlei de praia". Además, la búsqueda incluyó investigaciones con atletas, intervenciones agudas y crónicas, estudios de diversos métodos (e.g., experimentales, observacionales) que implicaran variables psicológicas. La búsqueda inicial identificó 652 artículos y, después de la búsqueda manual y la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, 18 estudios se integraron en una síntesis final. La mayoría de los estudios fueron publicados entre 2011 y 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). El diseño observacional fue el principal método utilizado (n= 10; 55.56%). Los estudios se agruparon en nueve grandes temas para la síntesis: situación de estrés, niveles de activación, concentración, orientación a objetivos y motivación, fatiga mental y rendimiento, ansiedad y rendimiento, entornos desalentadores, relaciones entre los miembros del equipo, estrategias de afrontamiento. Las relaciones sociales y el autocontrol parecen ser importantes para el rendimiento, por lo quelos entrenadores deben comportarse como modelos para los deportistas. Además, los psicólogosdeportivos pueden ayudar a controlar las variables psicológicas, la dinámica del equipo y a desarrollar habilidades psicológicas.(AU)

O voleibol de praia é um importante esporte coletivo em que aspectos físicos, técnicos, táticos e psicológicos/sociais são fundamentais para o desempenho esportivo. No entanto, esta é a primeira revisão que teve como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre variáveis psicológicas no voleibol de praia. Essa é uma revisão integrativa em que foi realizada uma busca em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus e BIREME) até setembro de 2022, de forma sistemática. Os temos usados foram “beach volleyball” OU “voleibol de praia” OU “vôlei de praia”. Além disso, foram incluídos nessa busca pesquisas com atletas, intervenções agudas e crônicas, estudos de vários métodos (e.g., experimental, observacional) que envolviam variáveis psicológicas. A busca inicial identificou 652 artigos, após a busca manual e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 18 estudos foram integrados a uma síntese final. A maioria dos estudos foi publicada entre 2011 e 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). O desenho observacional foi o principal método utilizado (n= 10; 55.56%). Os estudos foram agrupados em nove grandes tópicos para síntese: situação de estresse, níveis de ativação, concentração, orientação para metas e motivação, fadiga mental e desempenho, ansiedade e desempenho, ambientes desanimadores, relacionamento entre as partes da equipe, estratégias de enfrentamento. As relações sociais e o autocontrole parecem importantes para o desempenho, portanto treinadores devem se comporta como modelo para os atletas. Além disso, psicólogos do esporte podem ajudar a monitorizar as variáveis psicológicas, na dinâmica da equipa e desenvolver de competências psicológicas.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to analyse the load-velocity and load-power relationships in the free-weight back-squat (BSQ) and hexagonal bar deadlift (HBD) exercises. Twenty-five (n = 25) resistance-trained men (age = 23.7 ± 2.8 years) performed a progressive load test at maximal intended velocity to determine their BSQ and HBD one-repetition maximum (1RM). Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) during the concentric phase of the lift was recorded through a linear encoder. Load-velocity and load-power relationships were analysed by fitting linear regression and the second-order polynomial, respectively, to the data. Maximum strength (1RM), MPV (30-80% 1RM), and power output (30-90% 1RM) were higher for HBD compared to BSQ exercise (p < 0.05). A very strong relationship between MPV and relative intensity was found for both BSQ (R2 = 0.963) and HBD (R2 = 0.967) exercises. The load that maximizes power output (Pmax) was 64.6 ± 2.9% (BSQ) and 59.6 ± 1.1% (HBD) 1RM. There was a range of loads at which power output was not different than Pmax (BSQ: 40-80% 1RM; HBD: 50-70% 1RM). In conclusion, the load-velocity and load-power relationships might assist strength and conditioning coaches to monitor and prescribe exercise intensity in the BSQ and HBD exercises using the velocity-based training approach.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of repeated-sprint training (RST) on vertical jump ability and aerobic power in college volleyball players. Nineteen male volleyball players, aged between 18-24 years, were randomized into the RST group (RST; n = 10) and control group (CG; n = 9). The RST included 2-3 sets of 6×30m all-out sprints, twice per week, in addition to the regular training routine. The control group performed only the regular volleyball training sessions (i.e. mainly of technical-tactical drills). All players performed a maximal graded treadmill test, vertical countermovement jump (CMJ), and repeated-vertical jump ability (RVJA) test before and after 6-weeks of the training program. The following variables were determined from the RVJA: peak (RVJApeak), average (RVJAmean), and rate of decrement (RVJADec). A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed an interaction effect on CMJ (F (1,17) = 6.92; p = 0.018; η 2 = 0.289), RVJApeak (F (1,17) = 4.92; p = 0.040; η 2 = 0.225), maximal oxygen uptake (F (1,17) = 9.29; p = 0.007; η 2 = 0.353) and maximal speed attained in the treadmill test (F (1,17) = 8.66; p = 0.009; η 2 = 0.337), with significant improvements only on the RST group. In conclusion, RST, twice per week, improved RVJA and aerobic power in comparison to regular skill-based volleyball training.

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The present study aimed to investigate (i) differences in salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations before, during, and after simulated beach volleyball match, depending on match outcome (winning vs. losing); (ii) the relationship between technical-tactical performance indicators in beach volleyball and salivary hormonal concentrations (i.e., testosterone, cortisol). We hypothesized (i) salivary testosterone concentrations would be greater in winners and salivary cortisol would be lower; (ii) testosterone would associate with positive technical-tactical performance and cortisol would associate with negative technical-tactical performance. Sixteen athletes participated in the study and were grouped according to the result of a simulated game (winners: n = 8; losers: n = 8). Salivary hormone concentration of testosterone and cortisol were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pre-match, post first set, and post-match), and the coefficient of performance and efficiency were used as technical-tactical performance indicators. Regarding testosterone, there was a large effect size for match outcome after the first set (i.e., Winner vs. Losers) and a moderate effect size for the time in winners (pre-match vs. post-match). Regarding cortisol, there was a moderate effect size of time in losers only (pre-match vs. post-match). Moreover, cortisol pre-match was negatively correlated with the offensive performance (attack performance coefficient: r = -0.541; p = 0.030; attack efficiency: r = -0.568; p = 0.022). In conclusion, the effect of match outcome on testosterone and cortisol levels was moderate in winners and losers, respectively. Moreover, resting cortisol concentration appears to be related to a diminished attack technical-tactical performance. However, larger confirmatory studies are required to confirm these data to corroborate winning increases testosterone levels and/or reduces cortisol in a sporting setting.

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ABSTRACT: Nakamura, FY, Torres, VBC, da Silva, LS, Gantois, P, Andrade, AD, Ribeiro, ALB, Brasileiro-Santos, MdS, and Batista, GR. Monitoring heart rate variability and perceived well-being in Brazilian elite beach volleyball players: A single-tournament pilot study. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1708-1714, 2022-The aim of this study was to monitor the changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and perceptual well-being status after a beach volleyball (BV) tournament day in high-level U17 and senior players. Seventeen BV players (U17 [15-16 years]: n = 08; and senior [19-41 years]: n = 09) competing at national and/or international BV level participated in this study. Resting HRV and perceptual well-being measures were recorded across 4 moments: night 1 (prematches night), morning 1 (prematches morning), night 2 (postmatches night), and morning 2 (postmatches morning). Session rating of perceived exertion was assessed 10 minutes after each match, and accumulated match loads were used for analysis. Senior players presented higher values of natural logarithm of square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (lnRMSSD) at the 4 observation moments than U17 players (p = 0.006). Within-subjects analysis showed a larger mean difference regarding both lnRMSSD and natural logarithm SD of normal R-R intervals (lnSDNN) between night 1 vs. night 2 in U17 players (effect size = 1.11 and, 0.96, respectively) compared with senior (effect size = 0.40 and 0.32, respectively). Accumulated match loads were negatively correlated with percentage change in lnRMSSD (r = -0.54; p = 0.037). U17 players showed higher well-being variation than senior (group × time; p = 0.02). In conclusion, the lnRMSSD index was able to discriminate the U17 and senior BV players, and maintaining high vagally related HRV indices is an important response to BV training and competition.

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We compared the effects of aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) to high-intensity aerobic exercise on energy expenditure (EE), excess Postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during and after exercise. Twenty-two recreationally active males randomly completed the following experimental conditions: AE-aerobic exercise without BFR, AE + BFR-aerobic exercise with BFR, HIAE-high-intensity aerobic exercise, CON-non-exercise control condition. EE was significantly (p < 0.05) greater during exercise for HIAE compared to all conditions, and for AE + BFR compared to AE and CON during and postexercise exercise. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in EPOC between HIAE and AE + BFR at any time point, however, both conditions were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the AE (d = 1.50 and d = 1.03, respectively) and CON at the first 10 min postexercise. RER during exercise for HIAE was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than AE + BFR at the first 6 min of exercise (p = 0.003, d = 0.88), however, no significant differences were observed from 9 min up to the end of the exercise. HIAE was also significantly (p < 0.05) greater than AE and CON at all time points during exercise, whereas, AE + BFR was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than CON at all time points but not significantly (p < 0.05) different than AE (p < 0.05); although the overall session RER was significantly (p < 0.05) greater during AE + BFR than AE. Altogether, continuous AE + BFR results in greater EE compared to volume matched AE, as well as a similar EPOC compared to HIAE.

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Abstract Aim: This narrative review aimed to explore the effect of mental fatigue on physical, technical, and tactical performance in ball sports. Methods: Three Databases, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIELO, were used to search for a scientific publication. The criterions adopted were: a) published in a peer-reviewed journal; b) adopted at least one manipulation check related to mental fatigue; c) mental fatigue induced by a cognitive task before the outcome task, and d) study participants were ball sports athletes. Result: The quality of this narrative review was rated at 11 (SANRA scale 0-12), and the papers analyzed were published between 2015 and 2022. Twenty-one experimental studies were included in this review. Most studies were in invasion sports (n = 13; 72%), and non-ecological tasks were used to induce mental fatigue (n = 15; 83%). Regarding performance in endurance tests, mentally fatigued athletes had performance impaired. However, when assessed during a small-sided or simulated game, data were inconclusive within the literature. Moreover, athletes presented attenuated perceptual skills (e.g., visual field). Consequently, this worsened motor skills, technical-tactical performances, and tactical behavior. Conclusions: Cognitively demanding tasks should be avoided before training and sports competitions because they can lead the athlete to mental fatigue and impair performance. This impairment is identified in physical performance (endurance tasks) and technical and tactical performance. Finally, it is recommended that athletes do not perform tasks that cause mental fatigue 2 h before the sports event.

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The aim of the study was to establish the content validity of scenes from the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Attack Test in Beach Volleyball (DTKAT-VB). Four experts evaluated 32 attack scenes in real situations of BV game through were assessed the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) through criteria of language clarity, practical relevance and item representativeness. The results showed that all scenes assessed obtained CVC values greater than 0.80 for all criteria[image clarity (CVC - 0.98); practical relevance (CVC - 0.97); item representativeness (CVC ­ 0.94)], except for one scene, which was excluded. The 31 scenes validated using the CVC enables the evaluation of the declarative tactical knowledge, assisting in the planning of the teaching-learning-training processes of beach volleyball athletes (AU).

O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a validade de conteúdo das cenas do Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo do Ataque no Voleibol de Praia (TCTDA-VP). Quatro especialistas avaliaram 32 cenas de ataque em situações reais de jogo de VP foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) por meio de critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância prática e representatividade dos itens. Os resultados mostraram que as cenas avaliadas obtiveram valores de CVC maiores que 0,80 para todos os critérios [clareza da imagem (CVC - 0,98); relevância prática (CVC - 0,97); a representatividade do item (CVC - 0,94)], com exceção de uma cena, sendo assim excluída. As 31 cenas validadas por meio do CVC possibilitam a avaliação do conhecimento tático declarativo, auxiliando no planejamento dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento de atletas do voleibol de praia (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue estabelecer la validación de contenido de las escenas del Teste de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo del Ataque en el Voleibol de Playa ­ TCTDA-VP. Cuatro especialistas evaluaron 32 escenas de ataque en situaciones reales de juego de VP através del Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido (CVC) através de criterios de claridad del idioma, relevancia práctica y representatividad del elemento. Los resultados mostraron que para todos los criterios [claridad de imagen (CVC - 0.98); relevancia práctica (CVC - 0.97); representatividad del elemento (CVC - 0,94)], obtuvieron un CVC superior a 0,80, excepto por una escena, quedando así excluida. Las 31 escenas validadas por el CVC possibilitaron la evaluación del conocimiento táctico declarativo ayudando em la planificación de los processos de enseñanza-aprendizaje-treinamiento de los deportistas de voleibol de playa (AU).

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We investigated the acute effects of mental fatigue induced by 30-minute use of smartphone social network apps on volume load in resistance training among recreationally trained adults. Sixteen (n = 16) adults of both sexes performed three sets of a half back-squat exercise to failure with 80% of 15RM, interspersed with 3-minutes of passive recovery between sets, before and after two different cognitive tasks: (a) use of smartphone social network apps; and (b) watching a documentary. We assessed mechanical variables and ratings of perceived exertion during the strength exercise. Relative to the documentary-viewing control condition, a 30-minute exposure to smartphone social network apps led participants toward increased perception of mental fatigue (p = 0.004) and lower volume-load during the strength exercise (p = 0.006). There were no significant differences in perceived exertion between conditions (p = 0.54), participants' motivation (p = 0.277), intra-set mechanical variables (p > 0.05), or blood lactate concentrations (p = 0.36). Our findings of an isolated possible higher-than normal RPE without changes in physiological variables, accompanying the lower volume-load in the mentally-fatigued participants support psychological, rather than physiological, bases for mental fatigue effects.

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The aim of the study was to establish the content validity of scenes from the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Attack Test in Beach Volleyball (DTKAT-VB). Four experts evaluated 32 attack scenes in real situations of BV game through were assessed the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) through criteria of language clarity, practical relevance and item representativeness. The results showed that all scenes assessed obtained CVC values greater than 0.80 for all criteria[image clarity (CVC - 0.98); practical relevance (CVC - 0.97); item representativeness (CVC ­ 0.94)], except for one scene, which was excluded. The 31 scenes validated using the CVC enables the evaluation of the declarative tactical knowledge, assisting in the planning of the teaching-learning-training processes of beach volleyball athletes.

O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a validade de conteúdo das cenas do Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo do Ataque no Voleibol de Praia (TCTDA-VP). Quatro especialistas avaliaram 32 cenas de ataque em situações reais de jogo de VP foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) por meio de critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância prática e representatividade dos itens. Os resultados mostraram que as cenas avaliadas obtiveram valores de CVC maiores que 0,80 para todos os critérios [clareza da imagem (CVC - 0,98); relevância prática (CVC - 0,97); a representatividade do item (CVC - 0,94)], com exceção de uma cena, sendo assim excluída. As 31 cenas validadas por meio do CVC possibilitam a avaliação do conhecimento tático declarativo, auxiliando no planejamento dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento de atletas do voleibol de praia.

El objetivo del estudio fue estabelecer la validación de contenido de las escenas del Teste de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo del Ataque en el Voleibol de Playa ­ TCTDA-VP. Cuatro especialistas evaluaron 32 escenas de ataque en situaciones reales de juego de VP através del Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido (CVC) através de criterios de claridad del idioma, relevancia práctica y representatividad del elemento. Los resultados mostraron que para todos los criterios [claridad de imagen (CVC - 0.98); relevancia práctica (CVC - 0.97); representatividad del elemento (CVC - 0,94)], obtuvieron un CVC superior a 0,80, excepto por una escena, quedando así excluida. Las 31 escenas validadas por el CVC possibilitaron la evaluación del conocimiento táctico declarativo ayudando em la planificación de los processos de enseñanza-aprendizaje-treinamiento de los deportistas de voleibol de playa.

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BACKGROUND: Weight vest training (WVT) is a strategy used to improve the physical performance of athletes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different training strategies with weight vests on vertical jump and change-of-direction ability (CODA) in male volleyball athletes. METHODS: Fifteen volleyball athletes (22.87±3.04 years, 83.22±10.84 kg, 1.86±0.69 m) participated in a six-week training programme and were randomized into three groups: weight vest plyometric training (WPG), weight vest technical-tactical training (WTG) and a control group (CG). The additional weight of 7.5% of individual body mass was employed in the experimental groups. Before and after the WVT, athletes performed countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and CODA (t-test) tests. RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that CMJ height increased in all training groups (P<0.05), with the WTG inducing greater CMJ height gains in comparison to the CG (P<0.05). According to magnitude-based inference, the effects of the WTG strategy were "very likely" beneficial for the CMJ compared to the CG. In addition, t-test time decreased similarly among the three training groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that WVT may be incorporated in a volleyball training routine as an effective strategy for improving the CMJ performance in male volleyball athletes.

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RESUMO Os métodos de treinamento são ferramentas diferenciais para melhorar o desempenho tático-técnico de equipes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito de seis semanas na aprendizagem/desempenho segundo a utilização de dois métodos. Participaram 16 atletas masculinos. O estudo teve duração de dez semanas, dividido em três fases principais: avaliações pré, intervenção e avaliações pós. Nas fases pré e pós foram realizadas avaliações do desempenho tático-técnico e a tomada de decisão no ataque. A intervenção foi realizada com três sessões de treinamento por semana no período de seis semanas para cada grupo de acordo com o método (analítico e situacional) e ao final da sessão foram realizados jogos tradicionais e/ou adaptados. Na eficácia das ações com o método de treinamento situacional, a recepção (p= 0,014) e o levantamento (p= 0,004) apresentaram aumento entre os momentos pré vs. pós. No coeficiente de desempenho com o método de treinamento situacional, a recepção (p= 0,025) e o levantamento (p= 0,020) também apresentaram aumento entre os momentos pré vs. pós. E na tomada de decisão do ataque, o grupo situacional (p= 0,019) promoveu adaptações superiores ao método análitico. Conclui-se que o método situacional promove aos atletas iniciantes de voleibol de praia aprendizado em relação aos fundamentos de recepção de saque e levantamento, como também para a tomada de decisão do ataque.

ABSTRACT Training methods are differential tools for improving the tactical and technical performance of teams. The aim of the presente study was to analyze the effect of six weeks on learning/performance using two methods. 16 male athletes participated. The study lasted ten weeks, divided into three main phases: pre, intervention and post evaluations. In the pre and post phases were performed evaluations of tactical-technical performance and decision making in the attack. The intervention was performed with three training sessions per weeks for each group according to the method (analytical and situational) and at the end of the session traditional and/or adapted games were performed. In the effectiveness of actions with the situational training method, the reception (p= 0.014) and the survey (p= 0.004) showed an increase between the pre vs. pos moment. In the performance coefficient with the situational training method, the reception (p= 0.025) and the survey (p= 0.020) also showed an increase between the pre vs. pos moment. And in the decision making of the attack, the situational group (p= 0.019) promoted superior adaptations to the analytical method. It is concluded that the situational method promotes beginners to beach volleyball learning in relation to the fundamentals of receiving service and lifting, as well as for decision making of the attack.

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Abstract Aim: In the process of aging, there is a decrease on muscle strength and cognitive function. Resistance training combined with blood flow restriction (BFRRT) has been shown capable of maintaining or improve aspects of physical health. However, the effects of BFRRT the cognitive function of the elderly are not clear. This study aimed to describe the design of a randomized controlled clinical trial, that will investigate the effects of BFRRT on cognitive function, physical performance and physiological and morphological aspects in elderly women. Methods: Forty participants will be randomized into one of the following groups: low load resistance training, blood flow restriction resistance training, moderate load resistance training or Control. All intervention groups will complete 16 weeks of resistance training, three times week (45 minutes each), with training consisting of four exercises for the upper and lower body, including three sets of ten repetitions each. No exercise will be performed by the Control group. Cognitive function will be the primary outcome of the study. Secondary outcomes will include body composition, muscle strength, functional capacity, double-task, level of physical activity, static and dynamic balance, brain activity, BDNF neurotrophic factor, anxiety, depression and sleep state). Conclusion: This project will contribute to the existing knowledge and will have a social impact regarding the use of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological tool for the mental and physical health older individuals. Trial Registration: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials number RBR-7BC8ZP.

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High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is characterized by presenting high volumes and training intensities with constantly varied exercises. The aim of this study was to analyze the internal training load and the effects of high-intensity functional training on physical performance in subjects with different training volumes and frequencies. A total of 31 volunteers involved in high-intensity functional training (14 men and 17 women) were divided according to their training volumes and frequencies (high training-volume and frequency-HTVF; (n = 17) (nine women and eight men; age: 31.0 ± 6.3 years; height: 168.8 ± 8.1 cm, body weight: 73.6 ± 11.9 kg; BMI: 25.96 kg/m2) and moderate training volume and frequency-MTVF; (n = 14) (eight women and six men; age: 26.6 ± 4.7 years; height: 167.2 ± 8.6 cm, body weight: 75.8 ± 18.0 kg; BMI: 27.33 kg/m2)). The internal training load was determined using the session-rating of perceived exertion method. The monotony index (MI) and training strain (TS) were used to determine training variability during the training weeks. Countermovement vertical jump height, 20-m sprinting and handgrip strength were assessed at baseline and after six weeks of training. There was a time effect for MI ((F(5, 145) = 5.942; p = 0.0001)), TS ((F(5, 145) = 5.734; p = 0.0001)), weekly internal training load ((F(4.006, 116.87) = 4.188; p = 0.003)) and mean weekly internal training load ((F(4.006, 116.87) = 4.188; p = 0.003)). There was no increase in performance in either group for countermovement vertical jump height ((F(1,29) = 6.081; p = 0.050)), sprinting ((F(1,29) = 1.014; p = 0.322)), right handgrip strength ((F(1,29) = 2.522; p = 0.123)) or left handgrip strength ((F(1,29) = 2.550; p = 0.121)). The current findings suggest that six weeks of high-intensity functional training was not able to increase performance in either group. Therefore, different volumes and frequencies do not seem to influence the increase in physical performance of HIFT practitioners.

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The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of mental fatigue on passing decision-making in professional soccer athletes. A controlled and counterbalanced cross-over design was adopted consisting of three visits with a 1-week interval between sessions. Twenty professional soccer male athletes participated in three randomized conditions divided into three visits: control, 15-min Stroop task, and 30-min Stroop task. Inhibitory control was accessed by the Stroop task (accuracy and response time) before and after induced mental fatigue protocol. The athletes played a training match (90-min) following the experimental conditions. The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used for the passing decision-making analysis. The GPAI analysis showed impaired passing decision-making performance following the 30-min Stroop task compared with the 15-min and control condition (F (2,17) = 6.99, p = .01). Moreover, an increase in response time during the Stroop task was found following 30-min Stroop task condition (F (2,17) = 6.57, p = .03) compared to 15-min of Stroop task and control conditions. Prolonged cognitive tasks may be considered a mediating factor in passing decision-making performance in male professional soccer athletes throughout a full-length training match. Thus, athletes should avoid highly demanding-cognitive tasks before a soccer match. Future studies are required to explore more ecological cognitive tasks to induce mental fatigue (i.e. smartphones and video-games) and their effects on other performance indicators (e.g. physical, technical, tactical) in a full-length training match setting.

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RESUMO O desempenho técnico-tático é fundamental para a vitória no voleibol, deste modo, é importante identificar indicadores associados com a vitória no set. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e associar os coeficientes de performance técnico-tático em função do resultado do set no voleibol feminino escolar. Participaram do estudo atletas escolares, com idade entre 12 e 14 anos. Foram analisados 27 jogos, resultando em 57 sets, 7194 ações (saque= 2380; recepção de saque= 2157; levantamento= 1358; e ataque= 1299). Posteriormente, foi calculado o coeficiente de performance por ação e set. Utilizou-se de regressão logística binária, para verificar a associação dos coeficientes de performance com a vitória do set. O coeficiente de performance de saque classificado como "bom" mostrou-se como principal preditor de vitória no set (OR = 29,46), seguido por levantamento "bom" (OR= 15,87), e ataque "bom" (OR= 7,32). O saque é o principal preditor de performance no presente estudo, seguido pelo levantamento e ataque. Esses resultados sugerem que o saque deve ser priorizado no treinamento, já que aumenta as chances de vitória no set.

ABSTRACT Technical-tactical performance is essencial to victory in volleyball, so it is important to identify indicators associated with winning the set. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and associate the technical-tactical coefficient of performance based on the result of the set in the school female volleyball. School athletes participated in the study (age between 12-14 years old). 27 match were analyzed, resulting in 57 sets, 7194 actions (serve= 2380, serve reception= 2157, set= 1358; and attack= 1299). Subsequently, the performance coefficient per action and set was calculated. Binary logistic regression was used to verify the association of the performance coefficients with victory of the set. The serve performance coefficient classified as "good" proved to be a major victory predictor set (OR= 29.46), followed by set classified as "good" (OR= 15.87), and attack classified as "good" (OR= 7.32). The serve is the major predictor in the present study, followed by serve and attack. These results suggest that serve should be prioritized in training, as it increases the chances of victory.

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This study systematically reviewed the available scientific evidence pertaining to the acute and chronic changes promoted by aerobic exercise (AE) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on neuromuscular, metabolic and hemodynamic variables. PubMed, Web of ScienceTM and Scopus databases were searched for the period from January 2000 to June 2019 and the analysis involved a critical content review. A total of 313 articles were identified, of which 271 were excluded and 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Twelve studies evaluated the acute effects and eight studies evaluated the chronic metabolic effects of AE + BFR. For the neuromuscular variables, three studies analyzed the acute effects of AE + BFR and nine studies analyzed the chronic effects. Only 15 studies were identified that evaluated the hemodynamic acute effects of AE + BFR. The analysis provided evidence that AE combined with BFR promotes positive acute and chronic changes in neuromuscular and metabolic variables, a greater elevation in hemodynamic variables than exercise alone, and a higher energy demand during and after exercise. Since these alterations were all well-tolerated, this method can be considered to be safe and feasible for populations of athletes, healthy young, obese, and elderly individuals.

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We investigated the acute effects of aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on mood state in American football athletes. Twenty-two male American football athletes were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: 1) aerobic exercise (AE: 40% VO2max), 2) aerobic exercise with BRF (AE + BFR: 40% VO2 max), and 3) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE: 80% and 40% VO2max during exercise and the active intervals, respectively). Mood state and total mood disturbance (TMD) were assessed before, immediately post, and 1 h post-exerciser. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured 30 min post-exercise. AE + BFR and HIIE significantly (p < 0.05) increased fatigue and tension compared to baseline immediately post-exercise, whereas vigor significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at the same time point for both conditions. TMD increased significantly (p < 0.05) for AE + BFR and HIIE immediately post-exercise and it remained elevated up to 1 h post-exercise for AE + BFR. AE did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect mood state or TMD and it was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than AE + BFR and HIIE. AE + BFR and HIIE also elicited significantly (p < 0.05) greater RPE levels than AE 30 min post-exercise. Therefore, AE + BFR induces acute impairments in mood state and RPE levels in a similar fashion to HIIE.

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