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BACKGROUND: Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a small DNA virus constituting the human virome. High levels of TTV-DNA have been shown to be associated with immunosuppression and inflammatory chronic disorders. AIM: To assess the possible association between the salivary viral load of TTV-DNA in patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 and disease severity. METHODS: Saliva samples collected from 176 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 were used to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and TTV-DNA by use of real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: The majority of patients were male with severe COVID-19. Presence of SARS-CoV-2 was observed in the saliva of 64.77% of patients, showing TTV-DNA in 55.68% of them. Patients with impaired clinical conditions (p < 0.001), which evolved to death (p = 0.003), showed a higher prevalence of TTV-DNA. The median viral load in patients with severe condition was 4.99 log10 copies/mL, in which those who were discharged and those evolving to death had values of 3.96 log10 copies/mL and 6.27 log10 copies/mL, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between the distribution of TTV-DNA viral load in saliva samples and severity of COVID-19 (p = 0.004) and disease outcomes (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that TTV-DNA in saliva could be a useful biomarker of COVID-19 severity and prognosis.

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Introduction: Torque teno virus (TTV) has been pointed as an endogenous marker of immune function, the objective of this study was to investigate the TTV viral load in plasma and saliva of cirrhotic individuals and correlate it with clinical characteristics. Methods: Blood, saliva, clinical data from records and laboratory tests were collected from 72 cirrhotic patients. Plasma and saliva were submitted to real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantification of TTV viral load. Results: The majority of the patients presented decompensated cirrhosis (59.7%) and 47.2% had alterations in the white blood series. TTV was identified in 28 specimens of plasma (38.8%) and in 67 specimens of saliva (93.0%), with median values of TTV copies/mL of 90.6 in plasma and 245.14 in saliva. All the patients who were positive for TTV in plasma were also positive in saliva, with both fluids having a moderately positive correlation for the presence of TTV. There was no correlation between TTV viral load, either in plasma or in saliva, and any of the variables studied. Conclusion: TTV is more frequently found and in greater amount in the saliva than in the plasma of cirrhotic patients. There was no correlation between TTV viral load and clinical parameters.

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BACKGROUND: Several reports have proposed that the viral load of torque teno virus (TTV) in plasma is a biomarker of immune function in solid organ transplantation (SOT) and in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Additionally, for the latter one, TTV-DNA quantification in saliva has also been suggested. AIM: to investigate the correlation between the TTV viral load and immune function in paired saliva and plasma samples in patients on kidney transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TTV-DNA viral load was quantified in paired samples of saliva and plasma from 71 patients before and a short-time after renal-transplantation by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The data obtained from 213 paired samples showed a slight consistency in the comparison between saliva and plasma, with prevalence of TTV-DNA being 58%, 52% and 60% in saliva samples and 60%, 73% and 90% in plasma samples before and at 15-20 and 45-60 days after transplantation, respectively. Additionally, a high TTV viral load was observed in plasma at 15-20 and 45-60 days after transplantation compared to that observed in saliva at the same time. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, monitoring TTV-DNA in saliva samples could be an additional fast non-invasive option to assess the immune functionality in SOT populations.

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Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) of polyomavirus (PyV) are present in several biological fluids and are suggested to be relevant viral factors for monitoring its persistence. Aim: To evaluate the effect of an immunosuppressive regimen on the status of PyV-miRNA-5p in the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: The JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV miRNA-5p were investigated in paired saliva and plasma samples obtained from 23 patients before and shortly after renal-transplantation by using real-time RT-PCR. Results: Overall, within a short-time after transplantation, patients exhibited decreased numbers of leukocyte and lymphocyte as well as low levels of creatinine. During the clinical management of the patients, a significant amount of saliva samples were positive for JCPyV and BKPyV miRNA-5p (range: 26%-91%) compared to paired plasma samples (range: 9%-35%). Among the two polyomaviruses showing positive expression of miRNA-5p, BKPyV presented the highest positivity in saliva (91%) and MCPyV-miRNA-5p was constantly negative in both saliva and plasma samples. Compared to the time before transplantation, a significant reduction in the expression of JCPyV-miRNA-5p was observed in saliva samples obtained after transplantation. Conclusions: Altogether, these data suggest that additional investigations of polyomavirus miRNA-5p in saliva should be performed shortly after renal-transplantation to evaluate the potential role in early viral reactivation.

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Abstract Advances in energy demand in rural areas cannot be dissociated from agricultural modernization, large estates, mechanization of labor and reduced investment in small production. The use of biogas together with biomass are the most cost-effective ways for the small producer, as it has a high calorific value. In the case of biogas the procedure is performed by combining a compressor and a chiller, allowing the gas enter the reactor and burn together with the air stream. The use of these techniques is an auxiliary way to reduce the cost of the producer to produce a certain crop, besides allowing a participation in the final energy supply, so that the utilities have an alternative to distribute the surplus energy to another region, serving thus a wider range in the rural area.

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Abstract Around the world there's a rising interest in the installation of renewable energy sources due to their ecological, economical, political and social advantages. In this article is studied specifically the case of the incentive towards the installation of these sources in the state of Parana's rural area, where they wouldn't just be ecologically interesting, but also would help the improvement on the living conditions of the rural producers, promote income distribution and would cause an increase on the power supply, this way reducing the tariff. However, the problem arises in the acquisition of the energy generator, since even though they are interesting for the rural producers, these sources are majorly too expensive and end up being beyond their purchasing power. Based on that, this article brings a selection of public policies that could make the use of these sources viable in the rural area of the state, based on the experiences of other countries who face or have faced in the past similar difficulties, like China or India, and countries who have become reference in the matter, like Germany.

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Abstract In a world where technology is even more essential, quality and reliability of electrical system are fundamental. In Brazil, country where most of the energy is produced thought power plants, the existing distribution network is overwhelmed and the needs for the consolidation of distributed generation is growing. Wind and Solar power generation from biomass and another renewable sources are one alternative to power plants, which requires large areas and massive investment. The renewable energy sources mentioned may be assembled in a way to generate reliable energy to properties far from the cities, such as rural zones, where often energy from power plants doesn't gets to. Distributed generation allows quick development of Brazilian farming and guarantees to the farmer independence from the energy dealerships. Microgrids assembled with renewable sources are one sustainable option and benefits Brazilian economy and society.

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Abstract Introduction: Non-specific low back pain (LBP) can be understood through the interaction of biopsychosocial factors such as education. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether education can be considered an important risk and prognostic factor for the occurrence of LBP. Objective: To investigate the association between education and LBP. Methods: The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, AMED and PsyINFO. Results: Thirteen studies were included in the review. The Prevalence Critical Appraisal Instrument (PCAI) was used to assess risk of bias. Methodological quality scores ranged from 7 to 10 on a scale of 0-10. There was a 23% (95% CI, 13-37) prevalence of LBP (10,582 out of a total of 99,457 cases) in the general sample at the time of assessment. The meta-analysis of studies on the prevalence of LBP in people with low, medium or high educational level found the following results, respectively: 24% (95% CI, 12-43), 27% (95% CI, 9-56), and 18% (95% CI, 5-50). The meta-regression identified heterogeneity among the studies included in the review. This can be explained by educational differences (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Occurrence of LBP varies according to educational level. Individuals with higher educational levels are less often affected by LBP than individuals with medium or low educational levels.

Resumo Introdução: A dor lombar inespecífica (DL) pode ser compreendida através da interação de fatores biopsicossociais, como por exemplo a educação. Infelizmente, ainda não é sabido se a educação é uma característica social importante como fator de risco e prognóstico para a ocorrência de DL. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre educação e ocorrência de DL. Métodos: Buscas em MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, AMED e PsyINFO. Resultados: Incluídos 13 estudos na revisão. Para o risco de viés foi utilizado a Prevalence Critical Appraisal Instrument (PCAI) obtendo na avaliação da qualidade metodológica os escores menor e maior de 7 e 10 em uma escala de 0 a 10. Amostra geral compreendeu prevalência de DL no momento da avaliação de 23% (IC95% 13 até 37), sendo 10582 o número de casos em 99457. Meta-analysis com estudos investigando prevalência de DL no momento da avaliação em pessoas de baixo, médio e alto nível educacional estimou respectivamente os valores 24% (IC95% 12 até 43), 27% (IC95% 9 até 56), e 18% (IC95% 5 até 50). Meta-regressão identificou heterogeneidade entre os estudos incluídos e essa pode ser explicada pelo nível educacional (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Ocorrência de DL varia de acordo com o nível educacional, onde indivíduos com nível educacional mais alto possuem menor ocorrência de DL quando comparados com indivíduos com nível educacional baixo ou médio.

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INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, various isolates of rabies virus (RABV) show antigenic profiles distinct from those established by the reduced panel of eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) determined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), utilized for the antigenic characterization of RABV in the Americas. The objective of this study was to produce MAbs from RABV isolates from insectivorous bats with an antigenic profile incompatible with the pre-established one. METHODOLOGY: An isolate of RABV from the species Eptesicus furinalis that showed an antigenic profile incompatible with the panel utilized was selected. Hybridomas were produced utilizing the popliteal lymph nodes of mice immunized with ribonucleoproteins purified from the isolate. RESULTS: Two MAbs-producing clones were obtained, BR/IP1-3A7 and BR/IP2-4E10. Fifty-seven isolates of RABV from different species of animals and different regions of Brazil were analyzed utilizing the MAbs obtained. In the analysis of 23 RABV isolates from non-hematophagous bats, the MAbs cross-reacted with ten isolates, of which four were of the species Nyctinomops laticaudatus, one of the species Eptesicus furinalis, and five of the genus Artibeus. Of the nine isolates of non-hematophagous isolates that displayed an incompatible profile analyzed, characteristic of insectivorous bats, BR/IP1-3A7 reacted with five (55.55%) and BR/IP2-4E10 with four (44.44%). CONCLUSIONS: The MAbs obtained were able to recognize epitopes common between the three genera, Artibeus, Eptesicus, and Nyctinomops, thereby allowing the antigenic characterization of RABV isolates in Brazil.

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AbstractIntroduction The health locus of control is defined as the perception of individuals in relation to whom they believe to be responsible for their health condition, including low back pain.Objective To identify whether individuals suffering from chronic low back pain in active physical therapy treatment believe they are responsible for their own condition.Material and methods Cross-sectional study involving 28 patients under active physical therapy treatment for non-specific chronic low back pain. Sociodemographic data and low back characteristics — including disability and pain severity — were collected. The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale was used to assess the health locus of control.Results Participants undergoing active low back pain treatment presented a mean (SD) of 26 points (11.40) in a 0–100 point scale for disability and 6.39 points (2.24) on a 0–10 scale for pain. In relation to the health locus of control, the means (SD) for internal, external and chance subscales were, respectively: 29.32 (3.98), 24.75 (3.58), and 13.71 (6.67). 82.1% of the participants presented higher rates for internal locus of control.Conclusion Patients undergoing active treatment for chronic low back pain believe they are responsible for their own condition. Further longitudinal studies may determine whether active treatments affect the beliefs of low back pain patients.

ResumoIntrodução O lócus de controle de saúde é definido como a percepção do indivíduo quanto a quem ele acredita ser responsável por sua condição de saúde, incluindo a dor lombar.Objetivo Identificar se indivíduos com dor lombar crônica em tratamento fisioterapêutico ativo acreditam que eles são responsáveis pela própria condição.Materiais e métodos Estudo transversal que envolveu 28 pacientes em tratamento fisioterapêutico ativo para dor lombar crônica inespecífica. Características sociodemográficas e do quadro de dor lombar, incluindo incapacidade e severidade da dor, foram coletadas. O Questionário Multidimensional de Lócus de Controle da Saúde (QLCS) avaliou o lócus de controle da saúde.Resultados Os participantes em tratamento ativo para dor lombar apresentaram em média (SD) 26 pontos (11,40) em uma escala de 0–100 pontos para incapacidade e 6,39 pontos (2,24) em uma escala de 0–10 pontos para dor. Com relação ao lócus de controle da saúde, a média (SD) para as subescalas interna, externa e acaso foram respectivamente: 29,32 (3,98), 24,75 (3,58), 13,71 (6,67). Entre os participantes, 82,1% apresentaram maiores índices para lócus de controle interno.Conclusão Pacientes realizando tratamento ativo para dor lombar crônica acreditam que eles são responsáveis pela própria condição. Futuros estudos longitudinais podem determinar se tratamentos ativos influenciam na crença dos pacientes com dor lombar.

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A combination of a simple pretreatment for melamine extraction and direct analysis in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is proposed. Three pretreatments were evaluated. The first was based on suppressing interference using acetonitrile. The second used sulphuric acid and trichloroacetic acid to suppress interference and for melamine extraction, respectively. The third used sulphuric acid to suppress milk interference, trichloroacetic acid for melamine precipitation, and ethyl acetate for melamine extraction. However, only the last pretreatment suppressed milk interference in melamine detection and a good linearity (R(2)=0.99) was obtained. The presence of MS/MS 85 on melamine fragmentation spectrum showed the selectivity of this method. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.269 µg L(-1) and 0.897 µg L(-1), respectively. The recoveries and relative standard deviation (RDS) of method were lower than 114% and 7.86%, respectively. Further, the research was extended to elucidate the nature of the melamine in the extract through infrared spectroscopy and microscopy analyses. The precipitate was characterized as melaminium bis(trichloroacetate) dihydrate, which is generated through hydrogen bound formation in an interaction between melamine and trichloroacetic acid. Therefore, a simple, fast, and easy method for melamine extraction and direct ESI-MS/MS analysis was developed.

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We present a case of a pathologically proven multinodular diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis (DHH) with no extra-hepatic involvement in a 68-year-old male. Cavernous hemangioma is the most common hepatic tumor. However, DHH, which is characterized by extensive replacement of liver parenchyma with hemangiomatous lesions, has been rarely reported in adults. The etiology and clinical course are not completely understood because of its rareness, although the diagnosis might be suggested by the magnetic resonance imaging findings.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta imune humoral do esquema de pré-exposição da raiva humana realizado pelas vias intramuscular e intradérmica e a necessidade de sorologia de controle. MÉTODOS: Estudo de intervenção controlado e randomizado, realizado em São Paulo, SP, em 2004-2005. Foram recrutados 149 voluntários, dos quais 127 (65 intradérmica e 62 intramuscular) completaram o esquema de vacinação e realizaram avaliação da resposta imune humoral dez, 90 e 180 dias após o término da vacinação. Foram considerados dois desfechos para a comparação entre as duas vias de aplicação: a média geométrica do título de anticorpos neutralizantes e a proporção de indivíduos com títulos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL) em cada momento de avaliação. Foi analisada a associação da resposta humoral com dados antropométricos e demográficos por meio de teste de médias e qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. Após a conclusão do esquema foram feitas a comparação da proporção de soropositivos pelo teste de Kruskall Wallis e a comparação dos títulos médios por análise de variância. RESULTADOS: Os títulos médios de anticorpos foram maiores nos indivíduos que receberam as vacinas por via intramuscular. A percentagem de voluntários com títulos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL) diminuiu com o tempo em ambos os grupos, porém, no grupo que recebeu as vacinas por via intradérmica, a proporção de títulos satisfatórios no dia 180 variou de 20 por cento a 25 por cento, enquanto pela via intramuscular variou de 63 por cento a 65 por cento. Não se observou associação da resposta imune humoral com as variáveis demográficas ou antropométricas. CONCLUSÕES: A sorologia após a terceira dose pode ser considerada desnecessária em indivíduos sob controle quanto à exposição, uma vez que 97 por cento e 100 por cento dos voluntários vacinados, respectivamente por via intradérmica e pela via intramuscular, apresentaram níveis de anticorpos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the humoral immune response to the pre-exposure schedule of human rabies vaccination through intradermal and intramuscular routes, as well as the need for serological monitoring. METHODS: A randomized and controlled intervention study was carried out in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from 2004-2005. There were 149 volunteers, of which 127 completed the vaccination schedule (65 intradermal and 62 intramuscular) and underwent humoral immune response evaluation at ten, 90 and 180 days post-vaccination. Two outcomes were considered for comparing the two routes of administration: the geometric average of neutralizing antibody titers and the proportion of individuals with satisfactory titers (> 0.5 IU/mL) at each evaluation point. The association of the humoral immune response with anthropometric and demographic data was analyzed through a normal distribution test and a chi-square test with a Yates correction. After completion of the vaccination schedule, the proportion of seropositive results was compared by the Kruskall Wallis test, and the average titers were compared by variance analysis. RESULTS: the average antibody titers were higher in patients who were vaccinated intramuscularly. The percentage of volunteers with satisfactory titers (> 0.5 percent IU/mL) decreased over time in both groups. However, in the group vaccinated intradermally the rate of satisfactory titers on day 180 ranged from 20 percent to 25 percent, while the intramuscular route varied from 63 percent to 65 percent. An association between the humoral immune response and the demographic and anthropometric variables was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Serology after the third dose can be considered unnecessary in unexposed patients, since 97 percent and 100 percent of volunteers respectively vaccinated by the intradermal and intramuscular route presented satisfactory antibody levels (> 0.5 percent IU/mL).

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la respuesta inmune humoral del esquema de pre-exposición de la rabia humana realizado por las vías intramuscular e intradérmica y la necesidad de serología de control. MÉTODOS: Estudio de intervención controlado y aleatorio, realizado en Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil, en 2004-2005. Fueron reclutados 149 voluntarios, de los cuales 127 (65 intradérmica y 62 intramuscular) completaron el esquema de vacunación y realizaron evaluación de la respuesta inmune humoral 10, 90 y 180 días posterior al término de la vacunación. Fueron considerados dos resultados para la comparación entre las dos vías de aplicación: el promedio geométrico del título de anticuerpos neutralizantes y la proporción de individuos con títulos satisfactorios (> 0,5 UI/mL) en cada momento de la evaluación. Fue analizada la asociación de la respuesta humoral con datos antropométricos y demográficos por medio de prueba de medias y chi-cuadrado con corrección de Yates. Posterior a la conclusión del esquema fueron realizadas la comparación de la proporción de seropositivos por la prueba de Kruskall Wallis y la comparación de los títulos promedios por análisis de varianza. RESULTADOS: Los títulos promedios de anticuerpos fueron mayores en los individuos que recibieron las vacunas por vía intramuscular. El porcentaje de voluntarios con títulos satisfactorios (> 0,5 UI/mL) disminuyó con el tiempo en ambos grupos, sin embargo, en el grupo que recibió vacuna por vía intradérmica la proporción de títulos satisfactorios en el día 180 varió de 20 por ciento a 25 por ciento, mientras que por la vía intramuscular varió de 63 por ciento a 65 por ciento. No se observó asociación de la respuesta inmune humoral con las variables demográficas o antropométricas. CONCLUSIONES: La serología posterior a la tercera dosis puede ser considerada innecesaria en individuos bajo control con respecto a la exposición, una vez que 97 por ciento y 100 por ciento de los voluntarios vacunados...

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the humoral immune response to the pre-exposure schedule of human rabies vaccination through intradermal and intramuscular routes, as well as the need for serological monitoring. METHODS: A randomized and controlled intervention study was carried out in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from 2004-2005. There were 149 volunteers, of which 127 completed the vaccination schedule (65 intradermal and 62 intramuscular) and underwent humoral immune response evaluation at ten, 90 and 180 days post-vaccination. Two outcomes were considered for comparing the two routes of administration: the geometric average of neutralizing antibody titers and the proportion of individuals with satisfactory titers (> 0.5 IU/mL) at each evaluation point. The association of the humoral immune response with anthropometric and demographic data was analyzed through a normal distribution test and a chi-square test with a Yates correction. After completion of the vaccination schedule, the proportion of seropositive results was compared by the Kruskall Wallis test, and the average titers were compared by variance analysis. RESULTS: the average antibody titers were higher in patients who were vaccinated intramuscularly. The percentage of volunteers with satisfactory titers (> 0.5% IU/mL) decreased over time in both groups. However, in the group vaccinated intradermally the rate of satisfactory titers on day 180 ranged from 20% to 25%, while the intramuscular route varied from 63% to 65%. An association between the humoral immune response and the demographic and anthropometric variables was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Serology after the third dose can be considered unnecessary in unexposed patients, since 97% and 100% of volunteers respectively vaccinated by the intradermal and intramuscular route presented satisfactory antibody levels (> 0.5% IU/mL).

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A raiva é uma zoonose viral que acomete o sistema nervoso central (SNC) de mamíferos, considerada um grave problema de saúde pública. Herbívoros (bovinos e equinos) são frequentemente acometidos pela in-fecção após serem atacados por morcegos hematófagos (Desmodus rotundus). A técnica de imunofluorescência direta (IFD) realizada em tecidos frescos, recomendada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), é utilizada para o diagnóstico da raiva. A técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) é utilizada para detectar antígenos em tecidos fixados, pelo uso de anticorpos monoclonais/policlonais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade da IHQ na detecção de antígenos do vírus da raiva em amostras de SNC de herbívoros fixadas em formol, analisando a distribuição antigênica em diferentes fragmentos do SNC. Os resultados demonstraram concordância das técnicas de IFD e IHQ. A IHQ mostrou maior sensibilidade em amostras de bovinos em relação às de equinos, especialmente quando realizada em fragmentos de cerebelo e tronco encefálico. A detecção de antígeno nestes fragmentos foi mais consistente para ambas as técnicas, nas duas espécies. Estes resultados demonstram que a IHQ pode ser empregada para a vigilância epidemiológica da raiva, entretanto, recomenda-se cautela ao se empregar a IHQ para diagnóstico de doença em herbívoros, especialmente quando o fragmento encaminhado ao laboratório for apenas o hipocampo.

Rabies is a viral zoonosis that causes disease in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals and it is considered a serious problem of public health. Herbivorous (bovines and equines) are often infected after being attacked by vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus). The direct fluorescent antibody technique is used as a diagnostic test to detect viral antigens in fresh tissues and is recommended by the World Health Organization. The immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) is used to detect the viral antigen through the use of monoclonal/policlonal antibodies in formalin-fixed tissues. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of the IHC in samples of CNS of herbivorous fixed in formol, analyzing the antigenic distribution in different fragments of the CNS. The results demonstrated good agreement between the two techniques for the rabies diagnosis. The IHC presented higher sensitivity in samples of cattle comparing to horse samples, especially in fragments of cerebellum and brain stem. These fragments demonstrated to be more suitable for antigen detection by both techniques in the two species. These data demonstrate that the IHC is suitable for rabies vigilance yet cautions should be taken in examining cattle and horses samples, when the submitted specimen is only the hippocampus.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine intake on critical power model parameters determined on a cycle ergometer. Eight male subjects participated in this study. A double-blind protocol consisting of the intake of pure caffeine (6 mg/kg) or placebo (maltodextrin) 60 min before testing was used. Subjects were submitted to four constant-load tests on a cycle ergometer. These tests were conducted randomly in the caffeine and placebo groups [checar] at intensities of 80, 90, 100 and 110% maximum power at a rate of 70 rpm until exhaustion to determine the critical power. As a criterion for stopping the test was adopted any rate fall without recovery by more than five seconds. The critical power and anaerobic work capacity were obtained by nonlinear regression and fitting of the curve to a hyperbolic power-time model. The Shapiro-Wilk test and paired Student t-test were used for statistical analysis. No significant differences in critical power were observed between the caffeine and placebo groups (192.9 ± 31.3 vs 197.7 ± 29.4 W, respectively). The anaerobic work capacity was significantly higher in the caffeine group (20.1 ± 5.2 vs 16.3 ± 4.2 W, p<0.01). A high association (r2) was observed between the caffeine and placebo conditions (0.98 ± 0.02 and 0.99 ± 0.0, respectively). We conclude that caffeine intake did not improve critical power performance but increased anaerobic work capacity by influencing performance at loads of higher intensity and shorter duration.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine intake on critical power model parameters determined on a cycle ergometer. Eight male subjects participated in this study. A double-blind protocol consisting of the intake of pure caffeine (6 mg/kg) or placebo (maltodextrin) 60 min before testing was used. Subjects were submitted to four constant-load tests on a cycle ergometer. These tests were conducted randomly in the caffeine and placebo groups [checar] at intensities of 80, 90, 100 and 110% maximum power at a rate of 70 rpm until exhaustion to determine the critical power. As a criterion for stopping the test was adopted any rate fall without recovery by more than five seconds. The critical power and anaerobic work capacity were obtained by nonlinear regression and fitting of the curve to a hyperbolic power-time model. The Shapiro-Wilk test and paired Student t-test were used for statistical analysis. No significant differences in critical power were observed between the caffeine and placebo groups (192.9 ± 31.3 vs 197.7 ± 29.4 W, respectively). The anaerobic work capacity was significantly higher in the caffeine group (20.1 ± 5.2 vs 16.3 ± 4.2 W, p<0.01). A high association (r2) was observed between the caffeine and placebo conditions (0.98 ± 0.02 and 0.99 ± 0.0, respectively). We conclude that caffeine intake did not improve critical power performance but increased anaerobic work capacity by influencing performance at loads of higher intensity and shorter duration.

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O vírus da raiva pode estar presente em diferentes tecidos e órgãos, tornandopossível a sua replicação em diversos tipos de culturas celulares. Considerando a fundamental importância da produção desse vírus in vitro para a realização detestes diagnósticos, produção de soros hiperimunes e pesquisas, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a infecção viral das cepas PV (Pasteur Virus) e CVS (Challenge Virus Standard) em linhagem de células BHK-21 (Baby Hamster Kidney). As células foraminfectadas com as cepas PV e CVS e cultivadas em frascos estacionários de cultivo celular e em microplacas com lamínulas, a 37ºC por até 96 horas. A cada três horas foram coletadas alíquotas do sobrenadante dos frascos, para acompanhamento daconcentração das partículas virais, e lamínulas para avaliar a infecção viral nas células. As avaliações foram realizadas por imunofluorescência direta, para definição da maior diluição em que as suspensões virais infectaram 100% da monocamada confluente de células BHK-21 e para avaliar o aumento da intensidade de fluorescência, expressa em cruzes (+ a ++++), identificando o antígeno viral, demonstrado por fotodocumentação. A presença de partículas viraisfoi observada a partir de nove horas pós-infecção, em ambas as cepas. As partículas virais das cepas PV e CVS no sobrenadante foram obtidas a partir de 15 e 18 horas de incubação, respectivamente, sendo observada a maior concentração de partículasnas suspensões virais das duas cepas, 72 horas pós-infecção. Portanto, o protocolo usado demonstrou eficiência, independente da cepa empregada, permitindo a obtenção de bons títulos nas suspensões virais produzidas

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência da utilização de diferentes combinações de distâncias sobre os valores da Velocidade Crítica (VC) e Capacidade de Trabalho Anaeróbio (CTAn). Participaram do estudo dezenove nadadores com experiência em treinamento na modalidade. A VC foi determinada através do coeficiente angular da reta de regressão linear entre a distância e o tempo obtido em cada repetição. Para a determinaçãoda VC, foram utilizadas cinco distâncias (50, 100, 200, 400 e 800m) com intervalo de 24 horas entre elas. Posteriormente, foram feitas quatro combinações entre as distâncias: VC1 (50, 100 e 200m), VC2 (100, 200 e 400m), VC3 (200, 400 e 800m) e VC4 (50, 100, 200, 400 e 800m). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para determinar a normalidade das amostras. Para comparações entre a VC e as diferentes combinações de tiros, utilizou-se ANOVA one way (p<0,05). A combinação com distâncias menores (VC1) proporcionou maiores valores da VC (1,47 ± 0,13), causando com isso uma diminuição na CTAn (11,91 ± 2,61). A utilização de tiros de média e longa distância proporcionou um valor mais baixo para a VC (1,38 ± 0,10, 1,34 ± 0,09 e 1,36 ± 0,09) e maior para a CTAn (19,84 ± 6,74, 27,44 ± 6,91 e 18,43 ± 5,21) quando comparados com os tiros curtos, respectivamente para VC2, VC3 e VC4. Através dos dados obtidos, conclui-se que a distância dos tiros possui grande influência sobre os valores da VC e da CTAn, podendo com isso superestimar ou subestimar a velocidade correspondente à máxima fase estável do lactato.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different distance combinations on critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC). Nineteen swimmers experienced in this training modality participated in the study. CV was calculated by the angular coefficient of the linear regression line between distance and time obtained for each repetition. Five distances (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 m) performed at an interval of 24 hours were used for the determination of CV, followed by the following four combinations of distances: CV1 (50, 100 and 200 m), CV2 (100, 200 and 400 m), CV3 (200, 400 and 800 m), and CV4 (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 m). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the data. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between CV and the different combinations of shots (p<0.05). The combination of smaller distances (CV1) resulted in an increase of CV (1.47 ± 0.13) and a decrease of AWC (11.91 ± 2.61). The use of shots of medium and long distance resulted in a lower CV (1.38 ± 0.10, 1.34 ± 0.09 and 1.36 ± 0.09 for CV2, CV3 and CV4, respectively) and higher AWC (19.84 ± 6.74, 27.44 ± 6.91 and 18.43 ± 5.21) when compared to short shots. The results suggest that shot distance influences CV and AWC, overestimating or underestimating the speed corresponding to maximum lactate steady state.