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The family of Enterobacteriaceae is a major group of gram negative bacteria, some of these microorganisms are pathogen and could cause disease mainly gastroenteritis. Recently, due to drug resistant nature of these bacteria specially in developing countries treatment of the patient considered as important investigate. Quercus castaneifolia is a native plant of Yasuj province in Iran, which the people who living in this area consume the fruit of this plant for treatment of enteric disease. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fruit of Q. castaneifolia extract on pathogenic enteric bacteria viz., E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae and Yersinia enterocolitica. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts were assessed by gel diffusion method and modification of E-test respectively. All the experiments were performed in triplicate and the statistical analysis was carried out on the results. The results obtained from this study indicated that alcoholic extract was shown antimicrobial effect on the microorganisms tested. In addition, S. dysentriae was more sensitive with zone of inhibition 18 mm and MIC value was 2.5 × 10(-4) whereas, E. coli was less sensitive with zone of inhibition 12 mm and MIC value 1 × 10(-2). Salmonella typhimurium and Yersinia enterocolitica showed relatively intermediate susceptibility to the extract with zone of inhibition of 14 mm and MIC value 5 × 10(-3). Overall, Q. castaneifolia may be considered for treatment of the patients suffering from enteric disease.

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A total of 455 domestic animals (cow, horse and camel) and poultry from south of Iran were surveyed for fecal carriage of Campylobacter spp. Out of all collected fecal samples, the highest isolation rate of Campylobacter was recorded among poultry (35%), followed by horse (27%) and cow (21%) while, lowest isolation rate was recorded among camel. Of the 85 Campylobacter strains isolated, 76 were classified as catalase positive Campylobacter. Out of them, high frequency of occurrence was belonged to Campy. jejuni. Furthermore, catalase positive Campylobacter spp. were isolated from all the sources of investigation, other than camel. The results obtained from biotyping of the isolates indicated Camp. lari biotype I followed by Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli biotypes I existed in high frequency; while Camp. jejuni biotype II and untypable Campylobacter existed in low frequency. Overall, domestic animals and poultry other than camels are vehicle of Campylobacter in the area of investigation therefore, the people who living in this area may be infected via feces of domestic animals and poultry.

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Environmental samples were subjected to determine frequency of occurrence of pathogenic campylobacters in the environment. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested to evaluate the level of antibiotic sensitive campylobacters in the environment of investigation. In all, 70 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from water and domestic animal faeces samples using Kapadnis-Baseri device and antimicrobial susceptibility of them was determined by disc diffusion test and E- test. The results indicated that all the isolates of Campylobacter were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and resistant to cefotaxime, cephalexin and ampicillin. Lowest MIC values were observed for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (2 microg/mL) and highest MIC values for ampicillin and chloramphinicol (256 microg/mL). In general, pathogenic Campylobacter spp. were prevalent in large numbers in the environment, however, they were sensitive to ciprofloxacin.

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About 312 actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples on chitin agar. All these isolates were purified and screened for their antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. Out of these, 22% of the isolates exhibited activity against fungi. One promising isolate with strong antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi was selected for further studies. This isolate was from Pune, and was active against both yeasts and molds. Various fermentation parameters were optimized. Based on morphological and biochemical parameters, the isolate was identified as Streptomyces. The correlation of antifungal activity with growth indicated growth dependent production of antimetabolite. Maximum antifungal metabolite production (600 units/ml) was achieved in the late log phase, which remained constant during stationery phase, and it was extracellular in nature.

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AIMS: To develop a method that involves sample processing, and blood- and antibiotic-free medium for isolation and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. from environmental samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: The sample processing (preT) was standardized to minimize the population of competing bacteria. A blood- and antibiotic-free differential, Kapadnis-Baseri medium (KB medium) was formulated and tested for isolation of Campylobacter spp. in comparison with CAT medium. PreT-KB method was evaluated in comparison with the conventional viable count method and with the conventional most probable number (C. MPN) method for enumeration of Campylobcater from environmental samples. The results indicated that sample processing significantly reduced population of competing bacteria. The KB medium selected Gram-negative bacteria and differentiated Campylobacter from lactose-fermenting competing bacteria. The population of Campylobacter detected by preT-KB method was similar to that by conventional viable count method. While, the population of Campylobacter spp. determined by preT-KB method was higher than that by C. MPN method. In addition, the preT-KB method detected antibiotic sensitive campylobacters. CONCLUSION: The preT minimizes population of competing bacteria and the KB medium selects Gram-negative bacteria and differentiates Campylobacter from them. Therefore, Campylobacter can be isolated from environmental samples without using antibiotics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The preT-KB method is simple and facilitates isolation of antibiotic sensitive and enumeration of Campylobacter in the environmental samples. Therefore, the new method will be useful for isolation and enumeration of Campylobacter from water, food and sewage samples. Besides, it would also detect antibiotic-sensitive campylobacters, which are not detected by conventional viable count and MPN methods.

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AIM: To design a special device which can be used with nonselective blood-free nutrient agar without enrichment for detection of campylobacters from water. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Kapadnis-Baseri device (KB device) was designed and evaluated in comparison with the conventional method (C method) for detection of Campylobacter spp. from river water samples. The results indicated that the recovery of Campylobacter spp. by KB device was relatively more than by C method. CONCLUSIONS: To date, the methods for recovery of campylobacters are time consuming and involve use of special culture media, which is cost ineffective. The KB device is designed based on two important characters of Campylobacter, viz. motility and activity at low temperature. With this device we isolated Campylobacter spp. from river water on nonselective media without enrichment. Thus this device is as effective as the use of antibiotic media for the isolation of campylobacters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The KB device will be useful for isolation of Campylobacter spp. from water and other environmental samples, which is less time consuming and inexpensive. Besides, this device allows isolation of antibiotic sensitive campylobacters.

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PURPOSE: Campylobacter spp. is a major food borne pathogen and shows resistance towards gamma radiation. In the present study, effect of gamma radiation was assessed on the indigenous strains of Campylobacter spp. inoculated in food and water samples. METHODS: Campylobacter spp. were isolated from river water and faeces of various birds and animals. The growth rate was studied for these isolates by propagating them in Kapadnis-Baseri medium. The survival of Campylobacter spp. inoculated in food and water samples was tested after exposing them to gamma radiation. RESULTS: The isolates survived well in meat and milk samples and were sensitive to 1.8 KGy dose of gamma radiation, which lies with in the FDA limit. The effect of radiation on Campylobacter spp. varied with the species and the type of food. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest that the dose of gamma radiation should be standardized depending on the Campylobacter spp. and the type of food that is being processed.