RESUMEN
Increasing evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) transporter density declines in Parkinson's disease (PD). 2Beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-n-(1-iodoprop-1-en -3-yl) nortropane (IACFT, Altropane) is a cocaine analog with high affinity and selectivity for dopamine transporter (DAT) sites in the striatum. In this study, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with [123I]altropane was used to measure DAT density in seven healthy volunteers (five males, age 37-75, and two females, ages 26 and 39) and eight male patients with Parkinson's disease (age 14-79, Hoehn and Yahr stage: 1.5-3 (n = 5) and 4-5 (n = 3)). Dynamic SPECT images and arterial blood samples were acquired over 1.5-2 hr and plasma radioactivity was analyzed chromatographically to obtain metabolite corrected arterial input functions. Binding potential (BP, B'max/KD) for striatal (Str) DAT sites was calculated by two methods using occipital cortex (Occ) as a reference. In the first method, tissue time-activity curves (TAC) and metabolite corrected arterial input functions were analyzed by a linear graphical method developed for reversible receptor ligands. In the second method, the expression (Str(TAC) - Occ(TAC)) was fitted to a gamma variate function and the maximum divided by Occ(TAC) at the same time was used to estimate BP. In five of the PD patients, the SPECT data were compared with the results of PET with [18F] 6-fluoro DOPA (FD-PET). Plasma analysis indicated that [123I]altropane is rapidly converted to polar metabolites. SPECT images in healthy volunteers showed that [123I] altropane accumulated rapidly and selectively in the striatum and yielded excellent quality images within 1 h after injection. Both methods of analysis revealed a 7.6%/decade reduction in BP and average striatal values (corrected to age 25) were 1.83 +/- 0.22 and 2.09 +/- 0.20 by methods 1 and 2. In all the PD patients, striatal accumulation was markedly reduced and the pattern of loss was similar to that reported for DA; most profound in the posterior putamen with relative sparing of the caudate nuclei. A comparable pattern was observed with FD-PET. For total striatum, age-corrected BP was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced; 0.83 +/- 0.06 (method 1), 0.84 +/- 0.07 (method 2). BPs measured by the two methods were remarkably similar and highly correlated r2 = 0.88, (P < 0.001). These results indicate that [123I]altropane is an excellent SPECT ligand for imaging the DAT/DA neurons in human brain. The high selectivity and rapid striatal accumulation of the ligand allows for accurate quantitation of DAT sites in less than 2 hr. The results further demonstrate that [123I]altropane is an effective marker for PD.
Asunto(s)
Química Encefálica/fisiología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Cocaína/análogos & derivados , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagen , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Niño , Cocaína/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Dopamina a través de la Membrana Plasmática , Femenino , Humanos , Radioisótopos de Yodo , Ligandos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón ÚnicoRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The infection imaging properties of a high-affinity 99mTc-labeled chemotactic peptide receptor agonist (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-lysine; N-For-MLFK) were compared with a low-affinity agonist (N-Acetyl-MLFK; N-Ac-MLFK), a moderate-affinity antagonist (N-isobutyloxycarbonyl-MLFK; N-IBoc-MLFK) and non-specific inflammation imaging agents. METHODS: All peptides were prepared by solid-phase methods and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The products were assayed in vitro for N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor binding and superoxide production. Three types of studies were performed in rabbits with Escherichia coli infection: (Study A) Four groups of six animals were coinjected with 99mTc-N-For-MLFK-hydrazinonicotinamide (N-For-MLFK-HYNIC) plus 111In-immunoglobulin G, 111In-red blood cells or 111In-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid. (Study B) Three groups of six rabbits were coinjected with 111In-leukocytes plus 99mTc-N-For-MLFK-HYNIC, 99mTc-N-Ac-MLFK-HYNIC or 99mTc-N-IBoc-MLFK-HYNIC. (Study C) Two groups of six rabbits were injected with 99mTc-N-For-MLFK-HYNIC and 111In-leukocytes with and without an excess of antagonist. In all three studies, the radiopharmaceuticals were injected 24 hr after infection and dual photon (99mTc and 111In) gamma camera images were acquired at 2-3 and 16-18 hr later. Target-to-background (T/B) ratios were calculated for regions of interest drawn over the infected and contralateral normal tissue. RESULTS: N-For-MLFK, N-Ac-MLFK and N-IBoc-MLFK had EC50s for receptor binding of 2.0, 830 and 150 nM, respectively. The corresponding EC50s for superoxide production were 20.0, approximately 10(3) and > 10(4). Study A demonstrated that the T/B for 99mTc-N-For-MLFK-HYNIC was higher than for any of the nonspecific imaging agents (p < 0.001), and 111In-immunoglobulin G had a higher T/B ratio than 111In-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (p < 0.01) or 111In-red blood cells (p = NS). Study B showed that 99mTc-N-For-MLFK-HYNIC had a higher T/B ratio than the other peptides (p < 0.001). 111In-leukocytes and 99mTc-N-IBoc-MLFK-HYNIC had comparable T/B ratios, which were higher than for 99mTc-N-Ac-MLFK-HYNIC (p < 0.05). Study C demonstrated that coinjection with an antagonist resulted in a significant reduction in the T/B ratio for 99mTc-N-For-MLFK-HYNIC (p < 0.001), but did not affect the T/B ratio for 111In-leukocytes. CONCLUSION: Nonspecific mechanisms contribute minimally to the localization of 99mTc-chemotactic peptide analogs at sites of infection and the majority of the accumulation appears to be receptor mediated. Also, chemotactic peptide receptor antagonists can be used for infection imaging. These results provide important new insights for future radiopharmaceutical development.
Asunto(s)
Factores Quimiotácticos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico por imagen , N-Formilmetionina Leucil-Fenilalanina/análogos & derivados , Compuestos de Organotecnecio , Radiofármacos , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/diagnóstico por imagen , Tecnecio , Animales , Factores Quimiotácticos/farmacocinética , Eritrocitos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Radioisótopos de Indio , Leucocitos , N-Formilmetionina Leucil-Fenilalanina/farmacocinética , Compuestos de Organotecnecio/farmacocinética , Ácido Pentético , Conejos , Cintigrafía , Radiofármacos/farmacocinética , Factores de Tiempo , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons and their terminals. Since these neurons contain dopamine transporters (DAT), radioligands that bind to these sites are promising radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of disease progression. We evaluated [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy- 3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-iodoprop-1-en-3-yl)nortropane ([123I]IACFT) for SPECT imaging in an MPTP model of parkinsonism. METHODS: Three rhesus monkeys were imaged before and at 1 and 2 mo after treatment with MPTP. The SPECT results were correlated with motor behavior and PET imaging with [11C]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-aryltropane ([11C]-CFT). Also, biodistribution was measured by planar imaging. RESULTS: In normal animals, striatal accumulation of radioactivity was rapid and peaked within 30 min. Striatal accumulation of [123I]IACFT was nearly completely displaceable with unlabeled CFT (1 mg/kg) but was not affected by a similar dose of the serotonin (5-HT) transport inhibitor, citalopram. The striatal to cerebellar ratio measured at 30 min, after injection of [123I]IACFT was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than with [11C]CFT; approximately 6; 1 versus approximately 2.5; 1. After MPTP treatment this ratio decreased to 1.02:1 with IACFT and 1.23:1 with [11C]CFT. Blood clearance of [123I]IACFT was rapid with a terminal t1/2 of approximately 30 min. HPLC of plasma samples demonstrated that the concentration of intact ligand decreases rapidly, approaching zero by 60 min. Low levels of accumulation were measured in extracranial tissues. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that [123I]IACFT is an excellent SPECT ligand for dopamine transporter sites that combines the critical characteristics of: (a) high striatal to cerebellar ratios, (b) high selectivity for dopamine versus 5-HT transporter sites, (c) convenient preparation at high-specific activity and radiochemical purity and (d) a striatal localization rate that is well matched to the physical t1/2 of 123I.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras , Cocaína/análogos & derivados , Medios de Contraste , Radioisótopos de Yodo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso , Nortropanos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único , 1-Metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetrahidropiridina , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Dopaminérgicos , Proteínas de Transporte de Dopamina a través de la Membrana Plasmática , Radioisótopos de Yodo/farmacocinética , Macaca mulatta , Nortropanos/farmacocinética , Enfermedad de Parkinson Secundaria/inducido químicamente , Enfermedad de Parkinson Secundaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Distribución Tisular , Tomografía Computarizada de EmisiónRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The biological behavior of human polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG), radiolabeled with 99mTc via a nicotinyl hydrazine derivative (99mTc-HYNIC-IgG), was evaluated in normal human subjects. METHODS: Initial biodistribution and dosimetry studies were performed in six normal male volunteers. Additionally, 99mTc-IgG and 111In-DTPA-IgG were co-injected into six subjects and scintillation camera images were acquired at 6 and 18 hr later and serial blood and urine samples were collected. Biodistribution of both radiopharmaceuticals were measured by region of interest analysis. In the dual-injection group, images were crossover-corrected. RESULTS: All subjects tolerated injection of the radiolabeled IgG preparations without apparent ill effects. Biodistribution of the two antibody preparations were remarkably similar with an increase in liver and abdominal activity for the 111In preparation. Linear correlation of the tissue-to-blood ratios of 99mTc and 111In-labeled IgG was observed at both times (r2 > 0.98). The slopes of the regression line were 0.97 and 0.76 at 6 and 18 hr, respectively. The beta phase of the blood clearance of 99mTc-HYNIC-IgG was significantly delayed (p < 0.01) compared with 111In-IgG (t1/2: 51.9 +/- 6.5 versus 35.3 +/- 3.4 hr). In contrast, the volumes of redistribution and urinary excretions of the radiopharmaceuticals were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: These studies establish that the biodistribution of 99mTc-HYNIC-IgG in normal human subjects is nearly identical to 111In-DTPA-IgG.
Asunto(s)
Radioisótopos de Indio , Compuestos de Organotecnecio , Adulto , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Indio/farmacocinética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Compuestos de Organotecnecio/farmacocinética , Ácido Pentético/farmacocinética , Fantasmas de Imagen , Dosis de Radiación , Factores de Tiempo , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
The biodistribution and infection imaging properties of a 99mTc labeled hydrazino nicotinamide (HYNIC) derivatized chemotactic peptide analog (For-Met-Leu-Phe-Lys-HYNIC) and 111In-DTPA-IgG were compared in rabbits with Escherichia coli infection. Six New Zealand white rabbits were injected in the left posterior thigh with a suspension of E. coli. Twenty four hours later, the animals were injected with: 1.0 mCi of 99mTc labeled peptide plus 0.1 mCi of 111In-DTPA-IgG. At 2-3 and 16-18 h, dual photon scintigrams were acquired and the images were corrected for crossover between the two windows. After recording the final images, the animals were sacrificed and biodistribution was determined. At both imaging times the biodistributions of the two reagents were markedly different. The highest concentrations of 111In-DTPA-IgG were detected in blood pool structures, liver and kidney. In contrast localization of 99mTc labeled peptide was greatest in spleen, lung and liver (consistent with binding to leukocytes). In general, the sites of infection were better visualized with the radiolabeled peptide and T/B ratios increased with time (P < 0.01). At both times, the T/Bs for 99mTc-peptide were higher (P < 0.01); 3.54 +/- 0.47 vs 2.52 +/- 0.38 at 2-3 h and 6.88 +/- 0.79 vs 3.78 +/- 0.36 at 16-18 h. These results indicate that although both radiopharmaceuticals localize at sites of infection, the radiolabeled peptide are superior reagents for the rapid detection of focal sites of infection. However, since the mechanisms of localization are different the combined use of both agents could have value in the general evaluation of infection/inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Factores Quimiotácticos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico por imagen , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Factores Quimiotácticos/química , Factores Quimiotácticos/farmacocinética , Cámaras gamma , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Radioisótopos de Indio , Radioisótopos de Yodo , Marcaje Isotópico , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Conejos , Cintigrafía , Pentetato de Tecnecio Tc 99m , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Infection imaging with a 99mTc-labeled chemotactic peptide was evaluated in a rabbit model of Escherichia coli infections in burned tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The peptide was radiolabeled with 99mTc via the hydrazino nicotinamide derivative. Three groups of six animals were studied: (group A) unilateral infected burns; (group B) bilateral burns with unilateral infection; and (group C) uninfected burns. Twenty-four hours after injury, groups A and B were infected, and 8 hours later, all animals were injected with approximately 0.50 mCi of 99mTc-peptide. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In groups A and B, excellent images of the infections were obtained at 3 to 4 and 16 to 18 hours after injection of the peptide. At 3 to 4 hours after injection, the target-to-background ratios (T/B) were 3.12 +/- 0.28 for group A and 4.33 +/- 0.61 for group B (p = n.s.). At 16 to 18 hours, the T/B ratios increased significantly (p < 0.01): group A = 8.10 +/- 1.03 and B = 7.70 +/- 1.25. The T/B ratio for group C was only slightly greater than unity. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that 99mTc-labeled chemotactic peptides are effective radiopharmaceuticals for the rapid detection of focal sites of infection within thermally injured tissues.
Asunto(s)
Quemaduras/diagnóstico por imagen , Factores Quimiotácticos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico por imagen , Infección Focal/diagnóstico por imagen , Compuestos de Tecnecio , Animales , Quemaduras/microbiología , Infección Focal/microbiología , Masculino , Conejos , CintigrafíaRESUMEN
The biodistribution and infection imaging properties of 99mTc-labeled formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-lysyl-hydrazinonicotinamide (99mTc-HP) were compared with 111In-labeled leukocytes (111In-WBCs) in rabbits with E. coli infections. Groups of six animals were co-injected with 1 mCi of 99mTc-HP plus 0.05 mCi of 111In-WBCs and serial scintigrams were acquired from 3 to 6 hr and 18 hr postinjection. After acquiring the final images, the animals were killed and biodistribution was determined. At all imaging times, the distributions of 99mTc-HP and 111In-WBCs were similar and the sites of infection were well visualized with both radiopharmaceuticals. The target (infected muscle) to background (contralateral normal muscle) ratios (T/B) were: 3.38 +/- 0.46, 3.80 +/- 0.37 and 10.87 +/- 1.44 for 99mTc-HP and 1.71 +/- 0.04, 1.81 +/- 0.26 and 3.79 +/- 0.83, for 111In-WBCs at 3, 6 and 18 hr postinjection, respectively. The average ratio of T/B ratios (99mTc-HP-to-111In-WBCs) was 2.99 +/- 1.88, with no value less than unity. T/B ratios calculated from direct tissue sampling were significantly higher for 99mTc-HP than for 111In-WBCs (33.6:1 versus 8.1:1, p < 0.01). These differences were primarily due to increased absolute accumulation of 99mTc-HP (0.102%ID/g versus 0.024%ID/g, p < 0.01) in infected muscle rather than a difference in accumulation in normal skeletal muscle. These results indicate that 99mTc-HP yields target-to-background ratios greater than or equal to those achievable with 111In-WBCs probably as a result of an increase in absolute accumulation at the site of infection.
Asunto(s)
Factores Quimiotácticos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico por imagen , Radioisótopos de Indio , Leucocitos , N-Formilmetionina Leucil-Fenilalanina/análogos & derivados , Compuestos de Organotecnecio , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Masculino , Modelos Estructurales , Conejos , CintigrafíaRESUMEN
Biodistribution and infection imaging properties of 111In-DTPA-IgG, 99mTc-hydrazino nicotinamide-IgG and 111In-WBC were compared in rabbits with E. coli infection. Groups of six rabbits were injected with 10 mCi of 99mTc-IgG plus 0.5 mCi of 111In-IgG or 1 mCi of 99mTc-IgG plus 0.05 mCi of 111In-WBC. At 4-5 and 18-20 hr, dual photon scintigrams were acquired. At both times, the distributions of 99mTc and 111In-IgG were nearly identical. The sites of infection were well visualized with all three radiopharmaceuticals. In the early images, the target-to-background ratios (T/B) for 111In and 99mTc-IgG determined by ROI analysis were 1.95 +/- 0.26 and 2.57 +/- 0.38 (p = NS). In the delayed images, the T/B ratios increased (p < 0.01) to 3.56 +/- 0.49 and 4.90 +/- 0.98. At both times, the T/B ratios for 111In-WBC were higher (p < 0.01); 4.17 +/- 0.78 at 4-5 hr and 8.52 +/- 1.52 at 18-20 hr. These results indicate that all three agents yield excellent images of infection sites. Although 111In-WBC had higher T/B ratios, the ease of preparation of the radiolabeled proteins makes them attractive alternatives for infection imaging.