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We investigated whether neighborhood greenspaces were associated with physical activity in adulthood over 3 cohort visits after considering perceived safety and neighborhood contextual factors. We also evaluated whether the association with greenspace varied by neighborhood socioeconomic status. Participants (N = 4,800) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) residing in two Brazilian state capitals were evaluated in Visits 1 (2008-2010), 2 (2012-2014) and 3 (2017-2019). Greenspaces were categorized by quintiles of positive Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) scores. Physical activity frequency was given by the number of visits at which participants reported moderate/vigorous physical activity (none, 1 or 2, and 3 visits). We used multinomial logistic regression. After adjustment for age, sex, education, research center, residence in slums, individuals in the 4th and 5th NDVI quintiles showed 73% higher odds of physical activity over 3 visits than those in the 1st quintile (4th quintile: 95%CI = 1.24-2.43; 5th quintile: 95%CI = 1.24-2.41). The strength of the association was attenuated after adjustment for perceived safety. After adjustment for contextual factors quantity of sidewalks and streetlights, the OR for the 4th and 5th NDVI quintiles decreased to 1.66 (95%CI = 1.18-2.33) and 1.62 (95%CI = 1.16-2.28), respectively. Finally, after including average household income per capita, the OR for physical activity in 3 visits for the 4th and 5th NDVI quintiles decreased to 1.48 (95%CI = 1.04-2.12) and 1.43 (95%CI = 1.00-2.04; p = 0.053), respectively. Greater greenspace contributed to sustained physical activity during the eight years of follow-up, indicating the potential contribution of public greenspaces to reducing health-related inequalities.

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Several factors influence sleep, which is essential for health. While the role of neighborhood socioeconomic context on sleep health has been studied in recent years, results are inconsistent. The study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic residential segregation and sleep problems, using data from the second evaluation (2012-2014) of 9,918 public servants participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Socioeconomic residential segregation was assessed using the Getis-Ord Local Gi* statistic. Sleep duration and deprivation, complaints of insomnia, and daytime sleepiness were obtained through interviews. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR). Regarding sleep, 49% had short duration and 3% long duration, 23% reported complaints of insomnia, 45% sleep deprivation, 42% daytime sleepiness, and 48% reported ≥ 2 sleep problems. In the model adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables, there was an association between high socioeconomic residential segregation and short sleep duration (OR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.07; 1.40), sleep deprivation (OR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.05; 1.37), daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.03; 1.34) and ≥ 2 associated sleep problems (OR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.08; 1.41). Individuals living in neighborhoods with high socioeconomic residential segregation are more likely to have short sleep duration, sleep deprivation, daytime sleepiness, and ≥ 2 associated sleep problems. This information reinforces that public policy measures to reduce socioeconomic inequalities can improve the population's sleep health.

O sono é influenciado por diversos fatores e é essencial para a saúde. O papel do contexto socioeconômico da vizinhança na saúde do sono foi estudado nos últimos anos, mas os resultados são inconsistentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a segregação residencial socioeconômica e os problemas do sono. Utilizou-se dados da 2ª avaliação (2012-2014) de 9.918 servidores públicos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). A segregação residencial socioeconômica foi avaliada por meio da estatística Getis-Ord Local Gi*, e a duração e privação do sono, as queixas de insônia e a sonolência diurna foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas. Para as estimativas da odds ratio (OR), foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística binomial e multinomial. Em relação ao sono, 49% tinham curta duração e 3% longa duração, 23% relataram queixas de insônia, 45% relataram privação do sono, 42% relataram sonolência diurna e 48% relataram ≥ 2 problemas do sono. No modelo ajustado por variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas, houve associação entre alta segregação residencial socioeconômica e duração curta do sono (OR = 1,22; IC95%: 1,07; 1,40), privação do sono (OR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,05; 1,37), sonolência diurna (OR = 1,17; IC95%: 1,03; 1,34) e ≥ 2 problemas associados do sono (OR = 1,24; IC95%: 1,08; 1,41). Indivíduos que vivem em vizinhanças com alta segregação residencial socioeconômica apresentam maior chance de terem curta duração, privação do sono, sonolência diurna e ≥ 2 problemas associados ao sono. Essas informações reforçam que políticas públicas para reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas podem contribuir para melhorar a saúde do sono da população.

El sueño se influye por varios factores y es esencial para la salud. Se estudió el papel del contexto socioeconómico del barrio en la salud del sueño en los últimos años, pero los resultados son inconsistentes. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la segregación residencial socioeconómica y los problemas de sueño. Se utilizó datos de la 2ª evaluación (2012-2014) de 9918 servidores públicos participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Se evaluó la segregación residencial socioeconómica a través de la estadística Getis-Ord Local Gi*. La duración y privación del sueño, las quejas de insomnio y somnolencia diurna se obtuvieron a través de entrevista. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística binomial y multinominal para estimar el odds ratio (OR). Con respecto al sueño, el 49% tenía una duración corta y el 3% tenía una duración larga, el 23% relató quejas de insomnio, el 45% relató privación de sueño, el 42% relató somnolencia diurna y el 48% relató ≥ 2 problemas de sueño. En el modelo ajustado por variables demográficas y socioeconómicas, hubo una asociación entre la alta segregación residencial socioeconómica y la duración corta de sueño (OR = 1,22; IC95%: 1,07; 1,40), la privación de sueño (OR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,05; 1,37), la somnolencia diurna (OR = 1,17; IC95%: 1,03; 1,34) y ≥ 2 problemas asociados con el sueño (OR = 1,24; IC95%: 1,08; 1,41). Personas que viven en barrios con una alta segregación residencial socioeconómica presentan una mayor probabilidad de tener duración corta del sueño, privación de sueño, somnolencia diurna y ≥ 2 problemas asociados con el sueño. Estas informaciones resaltan que medidas de políticas públicas para reducir las desigualdades socioeconómicas pueden contribuir a mejorar la salud del sueño en la población.

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The EAT-Lancet Commission proposed a planetary health diet to improve human health within planetary boundaries; however, little is known about the association between adherence to this diet and cognitive decline. We used data from three waves of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health to evaluate the association between the planetary health diet and cognitive decline using linear mixed-effects models. Here we show that in 11,737 participants (mean (s.d.) age 51.6 (9.0) years, 54% women and 53% white), higher adherence to the planetary health diet was associated with slower memory decline (P = 0.046) and that income was a modifier in this association (P < 0.001). Adherence to the planetary health diet was associated with slower decline of memory (P = 0.040) and global cognition (P = 0.009) in high-income participants. No association was found among low-income participants. The results of our study highlight that the promotion of healthy dietary patterns should take into consideration income barriers as well as differences in dietary habits to achieve high adherence.

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BACKGROUND: The occurrence of multimorbidity and its impacts have differentially affected population subgroups. Evidence on its incidence has mainly come from high-income regions, with limited exploration of racial disparities. This study investigated the association between racial groups and the development of multimorbidity and chronic conditions in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: Data from self-reported white, brown (pardos or mixed-race), and black participants at baseline of ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010) who were at risk for multimorbidity were analysed. The development of chronic conditions was assessed through in-person visits and self-reported diagnosis via telephone until the third follow-up visit (2017-2019). Multimorbidity was defined when, at the follow-up visit, the participant had two or more morbidities. Cumulative incidences, incidence rates, and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using Poisson models. RESULTS: Over an 8.3-year follow-up, compared to white participants: browns had a 27% greater incidence of hypertension and obesity; and blacks had a 62% and 45% greater incidence, respectively. Blacks also had 58% more diabetes. The cancer incidence was greater among whites. Multimorbidity affected 41% of the participants, with a crude incidence rate of 57.5 cases per 1000 person-years (ranging from 56.3 for whites to 63.9 for blacks). Adjusted estimates showed a 20% higher incidence of multimorbidity in black participants compared to white participants (IRR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.05-1.38). CONCLUSIONS: Significant racial disparities in the risk of chronic conditions and multimorbidity were observed. Many associations revealed a gradient increase in illness risk according to darker skin tones. Addressing fundamental causes such as racism and racial discrimination, alongside considering social determinants of health, is vital for comprehensive multimorbidity care. Intersectoral, equitable policies are essential for ensuring health rights for historically marginalized groups.

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ABSTRACT: We investigated the association between job stress, as assessed by the effort-reward imbalance model, and the incidence of chronic low back pain (CLBP) over a 4-year period. A total of 1733 participants from the ELSA-Brasil Musculoskeletal cohort, who were free from LBP at baseline (2012-2014), were included. Episodes of LBP in the past 30 days, intensity, and the presence of disability were investigated in annual telephone follow-ups (2015-2018). Chronic LBP was defined as episodes of LBP lasting >3 months with at least moderate intensity. We analyzed the incidence of at least one episode of CLBP (yes/no), the number of CLBP episodes (0, 1, ≥2), and CLBP severity/disability (absent, nondisabling, severe/disabling). The association between these outcomes and tertiles of the effort-to-reward ratio, as well as each dimension of the effort-reward imbalance model, was investigated using multinomial logistic and Poisson regression models adjusting for sociodemographic and occupational variables. The cumulative incidence of CLBP over 4 years was 24.8%. High effort-reward imbalance increased the chances of experiencing multiple CLBP episodes and severe/disabling CLBP by 67% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-2.47) and 70% (95% CI: 1.14-2.53), respectively. High overcommitment increased the incidence of CLBP by 23% (95% CI: 1.01-1.50) and the chances of multiple CLBP episodes and severe/disabling CLBP by 67% (95% CI: 1.11-2.50) and 57% (95% CI: 1.05-2.34), respectively. These results indicate that exposure to job stress is associated with a higher incidence, a greater number of episodes, and increased severity of CLBP over a 4-year period. If this association is causal, measures aimed at reducing exposure to job stress are likely to alleviate the burden of CLBP.

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Biological age is a construct that seeks to evaluate the biological wear and tear process of the organism that cannot be observed by chronological age. We estimate individuals' biological age based on biomarkers from multiple systems and validate it through its association with mortality from natural causes. Biological age was estimated in 12,109 participants (6621 women and 5488 men) from the first visit of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) who had valid data for the biomarkers used in the analyses. Biological age was estimated using the Klemera and Doubal method. The difference between chronological age and biological age (Δage) was computed. Cox proportional hazard models stratified by sex were used to assess whether Δage was associated with mortality risk after a median follow-up of 9.1 years. The accuracy of the models was estimated by the area under the curve (AUC). Δage had equal mean for men and women, with greater variability for men. Cox models showed that every 1-year increase in Δage was associated with increased mortality in men (HR (95% CI) 1.21; 1.17-1.25) and women (HR (95% CI) 1.24; 1.15-1.34), independently of chronological age. Results of the AUC demonstrated that the predictive power of models that only included chronological age (AUC chronological age = 0.7396) or Δage (AUC Δage = 0.6842) was lower than those that included both, chronological age and Δage (AUC chronological age + Δage = 0.802), in men. This difference was not observed in women. We demonstrate that biological age is strongly related to mortality in both genders and is a valid predictor of death in Brazilian adults, especially among men.

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BACKGROUND: Central Illustration : Higher Arterial Stiffness Predicts Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study. BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffening can directly affect the kidneys, which are passively perfused by a high flow. However, whether the relation between arterial stiffness and renal function depends on diabetes and hypertension conditions, is a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between arterial stiffening by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence in individuals and verify whether this association is present in individuals without hypertension and diabetes. METHODS: A longitudinal study of 11,647 participants of the ELSA-Brasil followed up for four years (2008/10-2012/14). Baseline cfPWV was grouped per quartile, according to sex-specific cut-offs. Presence of CKD was ascertained by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-CKD-EPI) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g. Logistic regression models were run for the whole cohort and a subsample free from hypertension and diabetes at baseline, after adjustment for age, sex, race, schooling, smoking, cholesterol/HDL ratio, body mass index, diabetes, use of antihypertensive, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiovascular disease. Statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: The chance of CKD was 42% (CI 95%: 1.05;1.92) greater among individuals in the upper quartile of cfPWV. Among normotensive, non-diabetic participants, individuals in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of cfPWV presented greater chances of developing CKD, as compared to those in the lower quartile, and the magnitude of this association was the greatest for those in the upper quartile (OR: 1.81 CI 95%: 1.14;2.86). CONCLUSION: Higher cfPWV increased the chances of CKD and suggests that this effect is even greater in individuals without diabetes and hypertension.

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Sarcopenia (the loss of muscle mass, strength and skeletal muscle function) increases mortality and the risk of hospitalization in the older population. Although it is known that older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of dynapenia and sarcopenia, few studies have investigated these conditions in middle-aged populations. The objective of this study was to investigate whether T2DM, its duration, the presence of albuminuria, and glycemic control are associated with sarcopenia and its components in adults. The cross-sectional analysis was based on data from visit 2 of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (2012-2014). The 2018 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria were used to define dynapenia, low appendicular muscle mass (LAMM), and sarcopenia (absent/probable/confirmed). The explanatory variables were: T2DM; duration of T2DM; T2DM according to the presence of albuminuria; and glycemic control (HbA1C < 7%) among people with T2DM. A total of 12,132 participants (mean age = 55.5, SD: 8.9 years) were included. The odds ratio for LAMM was greater among those with T2DM, T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years, and T2DM without albuminuria. Chances of dynapenia were higher among those with T2DM, T2DM duration > 10 years, and T2DM with and without albuminuria. The variables T2DM, T2DM ≥ 10 years, and T2DM with albuminuria increased the odds of probable sarcopenia, and T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years increased the odds of confirmed sarcopenia. The results support the importance of frequently monitoring the musculoskeletal mass and strength of individuals with T2DM to prevent sarcopenia and related outcomes.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the single and combined associations between sleep disturbances (sleep duration, insomnia symptoms in the last 30 nights, and daytime tiredness) and performance in cognitive tests. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of data from visit 2 (2012-2014) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health from a cohort of active and retired civil servants from six Brazilian capitals. Polynomial regression with quadratic term and multiple linear regression models were performed to assess single and combined associations between sleep disturbances and memory performance, fluency, executive functions, and global cognition. RESULTS: A total of 7,248 participants were included, with a mean age of 62.7 years (standard deviation [SD]=5.9), and 55.2% were women. Inverted U-shaped associations were observed between sleep duration and performance on all cognitive abilities, suggesting that durations shorter or longer than seven hours are associated with worse performance, regardless of age. Reported insomnia was associated with worse executive function (ß: -0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.15 to -0.01), and the magnitudes of associations were higher for individuals with insomnia at two or more moments (ß: -0.12; 95%CI -0.19 to -0.05) or, especially, insomnia combined with short sleep (ß: -0.18; 95%CI -0.24 to -0.11). Insomnia in two or more periods was also associated with lower memory and global cognition. There was no association between any sleep disturbance tested and verbal fluency. Isolated daytime tiredness was not associated with performance in the evaluated tests. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that extreme sleep durations are detrimental to almost all cognitive abilities investigated, whereas insomnia appears to affect more severely the executive function.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) as a modifier of the diabetes/cognitive decline association in middle-aged and older participants in the Estudo Longitudinal de Saude do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: ELSA-Brasil is a cohort of 15,105 participants (age 35-74 years) enrolled between 2008 and 2010. We evaluated global cognitive function, summing the scores of six standardized tests evaluating memory and verbal fluency, including the Trail-Making Test, at baseline and follow-up. Incident cognitive impairment was defined as a global cognitive function score at follow-up lower than -1 SD from baseline mean. Participants reporting ≥150 min/week of moderate to vigorous LTPA at baseline were classified as physically active. We assessed the association of LTPA with global cognition change in those with diabetes in the context of our overall sample through multivariable regression models. RESULTS: Participants' (N = 12,214) mean age at baseline was 51.4 (SD 8.8) years, and 55.5% were women. During a mean follow-up of 8.1 (SD 0.6) years, 9,345 (76.5%) inactive participants and 1,731 (14.1%) participants with diabetes at baseline experienced faster declines in global cognition than those who were active (ß = -0.003, -0.004, and -0.002) and those without diabetes (ß = -0.004, -0.005, and -0.003), respectively. Diabetes increased the risk of cognitive impairment (hazard ratio [HR] 1.71; 95% Cl 1.22, 2.39) in inactive but not in active adults (HR 1.18; 95% CI 0.73, 1.90). Among participants with diabetes, those who were active showed a delay of 2.73 (95% CI 0.94, 4.51) years in the onset of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: In adults living with diabetes, LTPA attenuated the deleterious association between diabetes and cognitive function.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Knee pain is an important health problem due to its high prevalence, negative impact on daily activities and quality of life, and societal burden. While the link between excess weight and knee pain has been well-documented in the literature, many studies are limited to patients with osteoarthritis or use cross-sectional data. This longitudinal study investigated whether overweight and obesity were associated with the frequency and severity of frequent knee pain (FKP) episodes over 4 years in civil servants enrolled in the ELSA-Brasil MSK cohort. METHODS: Knee pain was assessed during baseline face-to-face interviews (2012-2014) and four yearly telephone follow-ups (2015-2019). Disabling FKP episodes or those of moderate to very severe intensity were classified as severe. Multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for confounders were used to test for associations in two participant groups: those with knee pain at baseline (prognosis cohort) and those without knee pain (incidence cohort). RESULTS: A total of 2644 participants were included: 54.2% female, mean age 55.8 (SD 8.8) years. In the incidence cohort (n = 1896), obesity increased the risk of one (OR: 1.63; 95% CI 1.13-2.37) and multiple FKP episodes (OR: 2.61; 95% CI 1.71-3.97), as well as the risk of non-severe (OR: 1.72; 95% CI 1.04-2.84) and severe FKP episodes (OR: 2.10; 95% CI 1.50-2.95). In the prognosis cohort (n = 748), obesity increased the risk of multiple (OR: 2.54; 95% CI 1.60-4.05) and severe FKP episodes (OR: 2.31; 95% CI 1.49-3.59). Overweight presented the same trends but fell short of significance. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further support that overweight and obesity are important contributors to the incidence and worsening of FKP, and that weight management must be prioritized in multidisciplinary knee pain prevention and treatment programs to reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders.

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BACKGROUND: Life's Simple 7, a lifestyle and cardiovascular index associated with cognition, has been updated to Life's Essential 8 (LE8) to include sleep. LE8 has been related to cardiovascular outcomes but its association with cognition is unclear. METHODS: In this longitudinal analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), LE8 score was based on health behaviors (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, and sleep health) as well as health-related factors (body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure). Cognition was assessed in three waves, 4 years apart, using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease - Word List, semantic and phonemic verbal fluency, the Trail-Making Test B (TMT-B), and a global composite score. We used linear mixed-model analysis, inverse probability weighting, and interaction analysis. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean age of the study cohort was 51.4 ± 8.9 years, 56% were women, and 53% were White. Higher baseline LE8 scores were associated with slower decline in global cognition (ß = 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.001, 0.002; p < 0.001), memory (ß = 0.001, 95% CI 0.000, 0.002; p = 0.013), verbal fluency (ß = 0.001, 95% CI 0.000, 0.002; p = 0.003), and TMT-B (ß = 0.004, 95% CI 0.003, 0.005; p < 0.001). This association was mainly driven by LE8 health factors, particularly blood glucose and blood pressure. Age, sex, and race were modifiers of the association between LE8 and global cognitive decline (p < 0.001), suggesting it was more pronounced in older, male, and Black participants. CONCLUSIONS: Higher baseline LE8 scores were associated with slower global and domain-specific cognitive decline during 8 years of follow-up, mainly due to health factors such as blood glucose and blood pressure. Sociodemographic factors were modifiers of this association.

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BACKGROUND: Increased serum urate (SU) and hyperuricemia (HU) are associated with chronic noncommunicable diseases and mortality. SU concentrations are affected by several factors, including diet, and are expected to rise with age. We investigated whether the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet alter this trend. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess whether adherence to the DASH diet predicts a longitudinal change in SU concentrations and risk of HU in 8 y of follow-up. METHODS: Longitudinal analyses using baseline (2008-2010, aged 35-74 y), second (2012-2014), and third (2016-2018) visits data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The inclusion criteria were having complete food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and urinary sodium measurement, in addition to having SU measurement at the 1st visit and at least 1 of the 2 follow-up visits. For the HU incidence analyses, participants had also to be free from HU at baseline. The final samples included 12575 individuals for the SU change analyses and 10549 for the HU incidence analyses. Adherence to DASH diet was assessed as continuous value. HU was defined as SU>6.8 mg/dL and/or urate-lowering therapy use. Mixed-effect linear and Poisson regressions (incidence rate ratio [IRR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]) were used in the analyses, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: The mean age was 51.4 (8.7) y, and 55.4% were females. SU means (standard deviation) were 5.4 (1.4) at 1st visit, 5.2 (1.4) at 2nd visit, and 5.1(1.3) mg/dL at 3rd visit. The HU incidence rate was 8.87 per 1000 person-y. Each additional point in adherence to the DASH diet accelerated SU decline (P< 0.01) and lowered the incidence of HU by 4.3% (IRR: 0.957; 95% CI: 0.938,0.977) in adjusted model. CONCLUSION: The present study findings reinforce the importance of encouraging the DASH diet as a healthy dietary pattern to control and reduce the SU concentrations and risk of HU.

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Abstract: Sarcopenia (the loss of muscle mass, strength and skeletal muscle function) increases mortality and the risk of hospitalization in the older population. Although it is known that older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of dynapenia and sarcopenia, few studies have investigated these conditions in middle-aged populations. The objective of this study was to investigate whether T2DM, its duration, the presence of albuminuria, and glycemic control are associated with sarcopenia and its components in adults. The cross-sectional analysis was based on data from visit 2 of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (2012-2014). The 2018 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria were used to define dynapenia, low appendicular muscle mass (LAMM), and sarcopenia (absent/probable/confirmed). The explanatory variables were: T2DM; duration of T2DM; T2DM according to the presence of albuminuria; and glycemic control (HbA1C < 7%) among people with T2DM. A total of 12,132 participants (mean age = 55.5, SD: 8.9 years) were included. The odds ratio for LAMM was greater among those with T2DM, T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years, and T2DM without albuminuria. Chances of dynapenia were higher among those with T2DM, T2DM duration > 10 years, and T2DM with and without albuminuria. The variables T2DM, T2DM ≥ 10 years, and T2DM with albuminuria increased the odds of probable sarcopenia, and T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years increased the odds of confirmed sarcopenia. The results support the importance of frequently monitoring the musculoskeletal mass and strength of individuals with T2DM to prevent sarcopenia and related outcomes.

Resumo: A sarcopenia (perda de massa muscular, força e função muscular esquelética) aumenta a mortalidade e o risco de hospitalização em idosos. Idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) apresentam risco elevado de desenvolver dinapenia e sarcopenia, mas poucos estudos investigaram populações de meia-idade. O objetivo foi investigar se DMT2, sua duração, a presença de albuminúria e o controle glicêmico estão associados à sarcopenia e seus componentes em adultos. Análise transversal baseada nos dados da segunda visita do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (2012-2014). Os critérios do European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People [Grupo de Trabalho Europeu sobre Sarcopenia em Pessoas Idosas] de 2018 foram usados para definir dinapenia, baixa massa muscular apendicular e sarcopenia (ausente/provável/confirmada). As variáveis explicativas foram: DMT2; duração do DMT2; DMT2 de acordo com a presença de albuminúria; e controle glicêmico (HbA1c < 7%) entre pessoas com DMT2. Foram incluídos 12.132 participantes (idade média de 55,5; DP: 8,9 anos). A razão de chances para baixa massa muscular apendicular foi maior entre pessoas com DMT2, duração do DMT2 entre 5 e 10 anos e DMT2 sem albuminúria. As chances de dinapenia foram maiores entre pessoas com DMT2, duração do DMT2 > 10 anos e DMT2 com e sem albuminúria. DMT2, DMT2 ≥ 10 anos e DMT2 com albuminúria aumentaram as chances de sarcopenia provável e duração do DMT2 entre 5 e 10 anos aumentaram as chances de sarcopenia confirmada. Os resultados reforçam a importância do monitoramento frequente da massa e da força muscular em indivíduos com DMT2 para prevenir a sarcopenia e desfechos relacionados.

Resumen: La sarcopenia (pérdida de masa muscular, fuerza y función muscular esquelética) aumenta la mortalidad y el riesgo de hospitalización en ancianos. Los ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) presentan un mayor riesgo de sufrir dinapenia y sarcopenia, pero pocos estudios han investigado poblaciones de mediana edad. El objetivo fue investigar si la DMT2, su duración, la presencia de albuminuria y el control glucémico están asociados con la sarcopenia y sus componentes en adultos. Análisis transversal basado en los datos de la visita 2 del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto en Brasil (2012-2014). Se utilizaron los criterios del European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People [Grupo de Trabajo Europeo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores] del 2018 para definir dinapenia, baja masa muscular apendicular y sarcopenia (ausente/probable/confirmada). Las variables explicativas fueron las siguientes: DMT2; duración de la DMT2; DMT2 según la presencia de albuminuria; y control glucémico (HbA1c < 7%) entre personas con DMT2. Se incluyeron 12.132 participantes (edad media = 55,5, DE: 8,9 años). La razón de probabilidades de masa muscular apendicular baja fue mayor entre personas con DMT2, duración de la DMT2 entre 5 y 10 años y DMT2 sin albuminuria. Las probabilidades de dinapenia fueron mayores entre las personas con DMT2, duración de la DMT2 > 10 años y DMT2 con y sin albuminuria. Las condiciones de DMT2, DMT2 ≥ 10 años y DMT2 con albuminuria aumentaron las probabilidades de sarcopenia probable y la duración de la DMT2 entre 5 y 10 años las probabilidades de sarcopenia confirmada. Los resultados refuerzan la importancia del monitoreo frecuente de la masa y de la fuerza musculoesquelética en individuos con DMT2 para prevenir la sarcopenia y los desenlaces relacionados.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the single and combined associations between sleep disturbances (sleep duration, insomnia symptoms in the last 30 nights, and daytime tiredness) and performance in cognitive tests. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data from visit 2 (2012-2014) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health from a cohort of active and retired civil servants from six Brazilian capitals. Polynomial regression with quadratic term and multiple linear regression models were performed to assess single and combined associations between sleep disturbances and memory performance, fluency, executive functions, and global cognition. Results: A total of 7,248 participants were included, with a mean age of 62.7 years (standard deviation [SD]=5.9), and 55.2% were women. Inverted U-shaped associations were observed between sleep duration and performance on all cognitive abilities, suggesting that durations shorter or longer than seven hours are associated with worse performance, regardless of age. Reported insomnia was associated with worse executive function (β: -0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.15 to -0.01), and the magnitudes of associations were higher for individuals with insomnia at two or more moments (β: -0.12; 95%CI -0.19 to -0.05) or, especially, insomnia combined with short sleep (β: -0.18; 95%CI -0.24 to -0.11). Insomnia in two or more periods was also associated with lower memory and global cognition. There was no association between any sleep disturbance tested and verbal fluency. Isolated daytime tiredness was not associated with performance in the evaluated tests. Conclusion: The results suggest that extreme sleep durations are detrimental to almost all cognitive abilities investigated, whereas insomnia appears to affect more severely the executive function.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação isolada e combinada entre distúrbios do sono (duração do sono, sintomas de insônia nas últimas 30 noites e cansaço diurno) e desempenho em testes cognitivos. Métodos: Análise transversal dos dados da visita 2 (2012-2014) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto de coorte de servidores públicos ativos e aposentados de seis capitais brasileiras. Regressão polinomial com termo quadrático e modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram realizados para avaliar associações isoladas e combinadas entre distúrbios do sono e desempenho na memória, fluência, funções executivas e cognição global. Resultados: Foram incluídos um total de 7.248 participantes, com média etária de 62,7 anos (desvio padrão [DP]=5,9), sendo 55,2% mulheres. Associações em forma de U invertido foram observadas entre duração do sono e desempenho em todas as habilidades cognitivas, sugerindo que durações menores ou maiores que sete horas estão associadas ao pior desempenho, independentemente da idade. O relato de insônia foi associado à pior função executiva (β: -0.08; IC95% -0.15 a -0.01), sendo as magnitudes das associações maiores para indivíduos com insônia em dois ou mais momentos (β: -0.12; intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0.19 a -0.05) ou, especialmente, insônia combinada com sono curto (β: -0.18; IC95% -0.24 a -0.11). Insônia em dois ou mais períodos também foi associada à menor memória e cognição global. Não houve associação entre qualquer distúrbio do sono testado e fluência verbal. Cansaço diurno isolado não foi associado ao desempenho nos testes avaliados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a duração extrema do sono é prejudicial para quase todas as funções cognitivas investigadas, enquanto a insônia parece afetar mais fortemente a função executiva.

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Resumo: O sono é influenciado por diversos fatores e é essencial para a saúde. O papel do contexto socioeconômico da vizinhança na saúde do sono foi estudado nos últimos anos, mas os resultados são inconsistentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a segregação residencial socioeconômica e os problemas do sono. Utilizou-se dados da 2ª avaliação (2012-2014) de 9.918 servidores públicos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). A segregação residencial socioeconômica foi avaliada por meio da estatística Getis-Ord Local Gi*, e a duração e privação do sono, as queixas de insônia e a sonolência diurna foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas. Para as estimativas da odds ratio (OR), foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística binomial e multinomial. Em relação ao sono, 49% tinham curta duração e 3% longa duração, 23% relataram queixas de insônia, 45% relataram privação do sono, 42% relataram sonolência diurna e 48% relataram ≥ 2 problemas do sono. No modelo ajustado por variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas, houve associação entre alta segregação residencial socioeconômica e duração curta do sono (OR = 1,22; IC95%: 1,07; 1,40), privação do sono (OR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,05; 1,37), sonolência diurna (OR = 1,17; IC95%: 1,03; 1,34) e ≥ 2 problemas associados do sono (OR = 1,24; IC95%: 1,08; 1,41). Indivíduos que vivem em vizinhanças com alta segregação residencial socioeconômica apresentam maior chance de terem curta duração, privação do sono, sonolência diurna e ≥ 2 problemas associados ao sono. Essas informações reforçam que políticas públicas para reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas podem contribuir para melhorar a saúde do sono da população.

Abstract: Several factors influence sleep, which is essential for health. While the role of neighborhood socioeconomic context on sleep health has been studied in recent years, results are inconsistent. The study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic residential segregation and sleep problems, using data from the second evaluation (2012-2014) of 9,918 public servants participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Socioeconomic residential segregation was assessed using the Getis-Ord Local Gi* statistic. Sleep duration and deprivation, complaints of insomnia, and daytime sleepiness were obtained through interviews. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR). Regarding sleep, 49% had short duration and 3% long duration, 23% reported complaints of insomnia, 45% sleep deprivation, 42% daytime sleepiness, and 48% reported ≥ 2 sleep problems. In the model adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables, there was an association between high socioeconomic residential segregation and short sleep duration (OR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.07; 1.40), sleep deprivation (OR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.05; 1.37), daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.03; 1.34) and ≥ 2 associated sleep problems (OR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.08; 1.41). Individuals living in neighborhoods with high socioeconomic residential segregation are more likely to have short sleep duration, sleep deprivation, daytime sleepiness, and ≥ 2 associated sleep problems. This information reinforces that public policy measures to reduce socioeconomic inequalities can improve the population's sleep health.

Resumen: El sueño se influye por varios factores y es esencial para la salud. Se estudió el papel del contexto socioeconómico del barrio en la salud del sueño en los últimos años, pero los resultados son inconsistentes. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la segregación residencial socioeconómica y los problemas de sueño. Se utilizó datos de la 2ª evaluación (2012-2014) de 9918 servidores públicos participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Se evaluó la segregación residencial socioeconómica a través de la estadística Getis-Ord Local Gi*. La duración y privación del sueño, las quejas de insomnio y somnolencia diurna se obtuvieron a través de entrevista. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística binomial y multinominal para estimar el odds ratio (OR). Con respecto al sueño, el 49% tenía una duración corta y el 3% tenía una duración larga, el 23% relató quejas de insomnio, el 45% relató privación de sueño, el 42% relató somnolencia diurna y el 48% relató ≥ 2 problemas de sueño. En el modelo ajustado por variables demográficas y socioeconómicas, hubo una asociación entre la alta segregación residencial socioeconómica y la duración corta de sueño (OR = 1,22; IC95%: 1,07; 1,40), la privación de sueño (OR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,05; 1,37), la somnolencia diurna (OR = 1,17; IC95%: 1,03; 1,34) y ≥ 2 problemas asociados con el sueño (OR = 1,24; IC95%: 1,08; 1,41). Personas que viven en barrios con una alta segregación residencial socioeconómica presentan una mayor probabilidad de tener duración corta del sueño, privación de sueño, somnolencia diurna y ≥ 2 problemas asociados con el sueño. Estas informaciones resaltan que medidas de políticas públicas para reducir las desigualdades socioeconómicas pueden contribuir a mejorar la salud del sueño en la población.

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OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the longitudinal association between BP control and the use of antihypertensive classes with arterial stiffness (AS) in Brazilian adults. METHODS: This study included 1830 participants with arterial hypertension (1092 participants with controlled BP and 738 participants with uncontrolled BP) from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). AS was assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse pressure (PP) at baseline and repeated after approximately 9 years. Associations between AS and BP control and the use of antihypertensives, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), AT1 receptor blockers (ARB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), and beta blockers (in the population with controlled BP), at baseline were investigated using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Uncontrolled BP was associated with worse PWV and PP trajectory, respectively (ß = 0.026 [0.008 to 0.036] / ß = 0.273 [0.216 to 0.330]). Among the participants with controlled BP, using CCB (ß = 0.031 [0.011 to 0.051]) was associated with a worse PWV trajectory, compared to not using this class and this combination, respectively. CONCLUSION: BP control, regardless of the class of antihypertensive used is associated with a better AS trajectory, as assessed by PWV and PP. Among participants with controlled BP, the use of BCC, compared to not using this class, seems to be worse for the trajectory of PWV in individuals with arterial hypertension without cardiovascular disease. Further studies are needed to assess whether this effect results in a better prognosis for patients with arterial hypertension.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate accuracy and agreement between creatinine clearance (CrCl) measured in 12-h urine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD-4) and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formulas, with and without adjustment for race/color. METHODS: Baseline data from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil) in adults (35-74 years of age) of both genders were used. Serum creatinine was measured in fasting blood and urinary creatinine was measured in an overnight 12-h urine collect. The agreement between CrCl and the calculated GFR was analyzed by the Bland-Altman method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with race/color factor was used to verify differences between means of CrCl and GFR with and without correction for race/color. Statistical significance was accepted for p<0.05. RESULTS: From 15,105 participants in the ELSA-Brazil, 12,813 had a validated urine collect. The Bland-Altman diagrams showed that formulas and CrCl agree with each other with a better accuracy for GFR <90 mL/.min x 1.73m2. The adjustment by race/color increased data dispersion. In this range, one-way ANOVA of CrCl with race/color factor showed similarity between groups (p=0.27). CONCLUSION: MDRD-4 and CKD-EPI are useful formulas for screening cases of chronic kidney disease, and correction by race/color, only in blacks or in black and brown subjects, proved to be unnecessary and reduced the reliability of the equations.

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This study aimed to identify patterns of metabolic syndrome among women and estimate their prevalence and relationship with sociodemographic and biological characteristics. In total, 5,836 women were evaluated using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Patterns of metabolic syndrome were defined via latent class analysis, using the following metabolic abnormalities as indicators: abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The relationship between these patterns and individual characteristics was assessed using latent class analysis with covariates. Three patterns of metabolic syndrome were identified: high metabolic expression, moderate metabolic expression, and low metabolic expression. The first two patterns represented most women (53.8%) in the study. Women with complete primary or secondary education and belonging to lower social classes were more likely to have higher metabolic expression. Black and mixed-race women were more likely to have moderate metabolic expression. Menopausal women aged 50 years and older were more often classified into patterns of greater health risk. This study addressed the heterogeneous nature of metabolic syndrome, identifying three distinct profiles for the syndrome among women. The combination of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension represents the main metabolic profile found among ELSA-Brasil participants. Sociodemographic and biological factors were important predictors of patterns of metabolic syndrome.

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