RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine cut-off points that can be used to differentiate measures of empathy, which would then be classified as high, medium, or low. To do so, we used data from students from 7 medical schools in Colombia, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic, after determining the psychometric properties of the 3-dimensional model of empathy in the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, S-version (for medical students). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This non-experimental descriptive study had a sample that consisted of 6291 students. The structure and factor invariance were analyzed by country and sex. A hierarchical cluster analysis and a bifactorial analysis of variance were applied. RESULTS: The measure of empathy was reliable on the global scale (α = .82; ω = .88). A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the original model was replicable and adjusted to the data (comparative fit index [CFI] = .90; goodness of fit index = .94), while the multigroup analysis allowed to assume an invariant factor structure by country and gender (ΔCFI < .01). Tables were constructed with cut off points for empathy and its dimensions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our study solves the problem of comparing the scores and the levels of empathy observed in the medical students at different schools of medicine, making said comparisons within and between countries and between genders. The instrument used has adequate psychometric properties and the cut-off values obtained allow the classifying of people with lower or higher levels of empathy.
Asunto(s)
Estudiantes de Medicina , República Dominicana , Empatía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: algunos autores plantean que la empatia en los estudiantes de medicina sufre un proceso de declinación a partir del tercer año de estudios, y otros han encontrado que ello no se da. El objetivo del presente estudio es verificar la coexistencia de varios modelos de comportamiento empático. Materiales y métodos: trabajo exploratorio y transversal. Se aplicó la escala de empatia para estudiantes de medicina (EEJM-S) en tres facultades de medicina de Colombia, El Salvador y Argentina, entre 2018 y 2019. Los valores de las medias de cada año de estudio se sometieron a pruebas de regresión con datos previamente estandarizados. Se realizaron un análisis de varianza (Anova), para comprobar si el coeficiente de la ecuación era diferente de cero, y un Anova secuencial, para determinar el tipo de curva. Resultados: la distribución de las medias, a través de los años de estudio, presentó diversos tipos de curvas de regresión entre las diferentes universidades en la empatia, asi como en cada uno de sus componentes. Conclusión: se comprobó la presencia de tipos diferentes de comportamiento empático (diferentes curvas de regresión) de las medias de los años de estudio entre las distintas facultades estudiadas, y la hipótesis de trabajo planteada resultó verdadera.
Abstract Introduction: Some authors argue that empathy in medical students undergoes a declining process from the third year of medical school. On the other hand, some authors have found that such a decline does not occur. A working hypothesis is proposed which consists of several coexisting empathic behavior models. Materials and methods: Exploratory and transversal work was included as part of this study. The Empathy scale for medical students (EEJM-S) was applied amongst medical students in three medical faculties of Colombia, El Salvador and Argentina between 2018-2019. The mean values of each year of study were subjected to regression tests with previously standardized data. An analysis of variance (Anova) was first performed to determine if the coefficient of the equation was different from zero and sequential Anova was performed to determine the type of curve and distribution of the data. Results: The distribution of the means, through the years of study, presented different types of regression curves between the different universities used in the study, as well as in each of its components for empathy. Conclusion: Differing types of empathic behaviour existed (different regression curves) in the means of the years of study between the different faculties and the working hypothesis proved to be true.
Resumo Introdução: alguns autores propõem que empatia nos estudantes de medicina sofre um processo de declinado a partir de terceiro ano. Por outro lado, outros autores têm encontrado que tal declinado não se produz. Se apresenta a hipótese de trabalho consistente na coexistência de vários modelos de comportamento empático. Materiais e métodos: trabalho exploratório e transversal. Se aplicou a escala de Empatia para estudantes de medicina (EEJM-S) em três faculdades de medicina da Colombia, El Salvador, e a Argentina entre os anos 2018-2019. Os valores das médias de cada ano de estudo foram submetidos a provas de regressão com dados previamente estandardizados. Se realizou primeiro uma análise de variância (Anova) para comprovar se o coeficiente da equação era diferente de cero e Anova sequencial para determinar o tipo de curva. Resultados: a distribuição das médias, através dos anos de estudo, apresentou diferentes tipos de curvas de regressão entre as diferentes universidades estudadas na empatia, assim como em cada um de seus componentes. Conclusao: comprova-se a presenta de tipos diferentes de comportamento empático (diferentes curvas de regressão) das médias dos anos de estudo entre as diferentes faculdades estudadas e a hipótese de trabalho apresentada resulta verdadeira.