RESUMEN

During the COVID-19 pandemic, populations living further away from urban centers faced immense difficulties accessing health services. This study aims to analyze how Brazilian remote rural municipalities faced the COVID-19 pandemic based on their political, structural, and organizational response to access to healthcare. A qualitative study of multiple cases was conducted with thematic and deductive content analysis of 51 interviews conducted with managers and healthcare professionals in 16 remote rural municipalities in the states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Piauí, Minas Gerais, and Amazonas. With their socio-spatial dynamics and long distances to reference centers, the remote rural municipalities responded to the demands of the pandemic but did not have their needs met promptly. They preserved communication with the population, reorganized the local system centered on primary health care (PHC), and changed the functioning of healthcare units, exceeding the limits of their responsibilities to provide the necessary care and awaiting referral to other levels of complexity. They faced a shortage of services, gaps in assistance in the regional network, and inadequate healthcare transport. The pandemic reiterated PHC's difficulties in coordinating care, exposing care gaps in reference regions. The equitable and resolute provision of the local health system in the remote rural municipalities implies inter-federative articulation in formulating and implementing public policies to ensure the right to health.

Na pandemia de COVID-19, as populações que vivem mais afastadas dos centros urbanos enfrentaram imensas dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como os municípios rurais remotos brasileiros enfrentaram a pandemia de COVID-19, tendo como base sua resposta política, estrutural e organizativa ao acesso à saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo de casos múltiplos com a análise de conteúdo temática e dedutiva de 51 entrevistas conduzidas com gestores e profissionais de saúde em 16 municípios rurais remotos dos estados de Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Piauí, Minas Gerais e Amazonas. Com dinâmicas socioespaciais próprias, grandes distâncias até os centros de referência, os municípios rurais remotos responderam às demandas da pandemia, mas não tiveram suas necessidades atendidas oportunamente. Preservaram a comunicação com a população, reorganizaram o sistema local centrado na atenção primária à saúde (APS), alteraram o funcionamento das unidades de saúde, ultrapassando os limites de suas atribuições para prestar o cuidado necessário e aguardar o encaminhamento aos demais níveis de complexidade. Enfrentaram a escassez de serviços, as lacunas assistenciais da rede regional e o transporte sanitário inadequado. A pandemia reiterou as dificuldades da APS em coordenar o cuidado e expôs os vazios assistenciais nas regiões de referência. A provisão equitativa e resolutiva do sistema local de saúde nos municípios rurais remotos implica na articulação interfederativa à formulação e implementação de políticas públicas de modo a assegurar o direito à saúde.

En la pandemia de COVID-19, las poblaciones que viven más alejadas de los centros urbanos enfrentaron inmensas dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar cómo los municipios rurales remotos de Brasil enfrentaron la pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de su respuesta política, estructural y organizativa al acceso a la salud. Se realizó el estudio cualitativo de casos múltiple con el análisis de contenido temático y deductivo de 51 entrevistas realizadas con gestores y profesionales de la salud en 16 municipios rurales remotos de los estados de Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Piauí, Minas Gerais y Amazonas. Con dinámicas socioespaciales propias y alejados de los centros de referencia, los municipios rurales remotos respondieron a las demandas de la pandemia, pero no se atendieron sus necesidades de manera oportuna. Preservaron la comunicación con la población, reorganizaron el sistema local centrado en la atención primaria de salud (APS), modificaron el funcionamiento de las unidades de salud, superando los límites de sus atribuciones para proporcionar la atención necesaria, y esperar la derivación a los demás niveles de complejidad. Enfrentaron la falta de servicios, las lagunas asistenciales de la red regional y el transporte sanitario inadecuado. La pandemia reafirmó las dificultades de la APS para coordinar la atención y expuso las lagunas asistenciales en las regiones de referencia. La provisión equitativa y resolutiva del sistema de salud local en los municipios rurales remotos implica en la articulación interfederativa para elaborar e implementar políticas públicas para asegurar el derecho a la salud.

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RESUMEN

Resumo: Na pandemia de COVID-19, as populações que vivem mais afastadas dos centros urbanos enfrentaram imensas dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como os municípios rurais remotos brasileiros enfrentaram a pandemia de COVID-19, tendo como base sua resposta política, estrutural e organizativa ao acesso à saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo de casos múltiplos com a análise de conteúdo temática e dedutiva de 51 entrevistas conduzidas com gestores e profissionais de saúde em 16 municípios rurais remotos dos estados de Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Piauí, Minas Gerais e Amazonas. Com dinâmicas socioespaciais próprias, grandes distâncias até os centros de referência, os municípios rurais remotos responderam às demandas da pandemia, mas não tiveram suas necessidades atendidas oportunamente. Preservaram a comunicação com a população, reorganizaram o sistema local centrado na atenção primária à saúde (APS), alteraram o funcionamento das unidades de saúde, ultrapassando os limites de suas atribuições para prestar o cuidado necessário e aguardar o encaminhamento aos demais níveis de complexidade. Enfrentaram a escassez de serviços, as lacunas assistenciais da rede regional e o transporte sanitário inadequado. A pandemia reiterou as dificuldades da APS em coordenar o cuidado e expôs os vazios assistenciais nas regiões de referência. A provisão equitativa e resolutiva do sistema local de saúde nos municípios rurais remotos implica na articulação interfederativa à formulação e implementação de políticas públicas de modo a assegurar o direito à saúde.

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, populations living further away from urban centers faced immense difficulties accessing health services. This study aims to analyze how Brazilian remote rural municipalities faced the COVID-19 pandemic based on their political, structural, and organizational response to access to healthcare. A qualitative study of multiple cases was conducted with thematic and deductive content analysis of 51 interviews conducted with managers and healthcare professionals in 16 remote rural municipalities in the states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Piauí, Minas Gerais, and Amazonas. With their socio-spatial dynamics and long distances to reference centers, the remote rural municipalities responded to the demands of the pandemic but did not have their needs met promptly. They preserved communication with the population, reorganized the local system centered on primary health care (PHC), and changed the functioning of healthcare units, exceeding the limits of their responsibilities to provide the necessary care and awaiting referral to other levels of complexity. They faced a shortage of services, gaps in assistance in the regional network, and inadequate healthcare transport. The pandemic reiterated PHC's difficulties in coordinating care, exposing care gaps in reference regions. The equitable and resolute provision of the local health system in the remote rural municipalities implies inter-federative articulation in formulating and implementing public policies to ensure the right to health.

Resumen: En la pandemia de COVID-19, las poblaciones que viven más alejadas de los centros urbanos enfrentaron inmensas dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar cómo los municipios rurales remotos de Brasil enfrentaron la pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de su respuesta política, estructural y organizativa al acceso a la salud. Se realizó el estudio cualitativo de casos múltiple con el análisis de contenido temático y deductivo de 51 entrevistas realizadas con gestores y profesionales de la salud en 16 municipios rurales remotos de los estados de Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Piauí, Minas Gerais y Amazonas. Con dinámicas socioespaciales propias y alejados de los centros de referencia, los municipios rurales remotos respondieron a las demandas de la pandemia, pero no se atendieron sus necesidades de manera oportuna. Preservaron la comunicación con la población, reorganizaron el sistema local centrado en la atención primaria de salud (APS), modificaron el funcionamiento de las unidades de salud, superando los límites de sus atribuciones para proporcionar la atención necesaria, y esperar la derivación a los demás niveles de complejidad. Enfrentaron la falta de servicios, las lagunas asistenciales de la red regional y el transporte sanitario inadecuado. La pandemia reafirmó las dificultades de la APS para coordinar la atención y expuso las lagunas asistenciales en las regiones de referencia. La provisión equitativa y resolutiva del sistema de salud local en los municipios rurales remotos implica en la articulación interfederativa para elaborar e implementar políticas públicas para asegurar el derecho a la salud.

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as one of the greatest challenges to societies, world health systems and science in the past century, making it imperative to restructure care networks. Therefore, it is essential to discuss the role and initiatives of primary health care (PHC) to deal with it. However, regarding the response to the pandemic, including the current global effort against COVID-19, the nuances of the rural/remote PHC context in the pandemic is barely visible. Rural and remote communities have differentiated health risks, such as socioeconomic disadvantages, difficulties in mobility and access to health services, in addition to linguistic and cultural barriers. This scoping review aimed to analyze the set of individual and collective initiatives and innovations developed to face the COVID-19 pandemic, within the PHC scope, in rural and remote areas. METHODS: A scoping review methodology was applied to peer-reviewed articles. Eight databases were searched to identify scientific articles published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, initially from January 2020 to July 2021, complemented by a rapid review of articles published from January 2022 to April 2023. The main focus sought in the literature was the set of initiatives and innovations carried out within the PHC scope in rural and remote locations during the pandemic, as well as the comparison with pre-pandemic situations and between different countries. The bibliographic information of each search result was imported into Rayyan (Intelligent Systematic Review), followed by the screening and eligibility stages, performed independently by two reviewers, with a third reviewer being accessed in case of conflicts. RESULTS: This review included 54 studies, with publications mostly from Australia, Canada, the US and India. The main PHC initiatives were related to access; to the roles of community health workers and health surveillance; and to the importance of placing, retaining and valuing human resources in health. Cultural, equity and vulnerability issues occupy a major place among the initiatives. Regarding the innovations, telehealth and customized communication are highlighted. From an organizational point of view, rural and remote locations showed enormous flexibility to deal with the pandemic and to improve intersectoral activities at the local level. The description of rurality and remoteness is practically coincident with that of the specific populations, present in geographic areas of difficult sociospatial and cultural access. Rarely, there is an index to measure rurality, or its description deals with the need to overcome distances and obstacles. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight and summarize knowledge about initiatives and innovations developed to face the COVID-19 pandemic, within the PHC scope in rural and remote areas in the world. This review has identified collective, clinical, intersectoral and, mainly, organizational health initiatives. An articulation between different government levels would be paramount in evaluating the implementation of policies and protocols in rural and remote locations for future sanitary crises. Innovations and lessons learned are equally relevant in strengthening health services and systems. This issue calls for considerable further exploration by new reviews and empirical research that seek evidence to assess the sustainability and effectiveness of the implemented measures to face post-pandemic difficulties and other adversities.

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Disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) is endemic in Latin America and the Caribbean where diagnostic tools are restricted. We carried-out a 1-year prospective cohort study at a referral hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Participants had > or =18 years old, were hospitalized due to any indication and had CD4+ < 200 cells/µl. A urine commercial monoclonal Histoplasma galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IMMY, Norman, OK, USA) and 'in house' Histoplasma blood nested PCR were performed in all cases. Probable/proven DH cases were defined according to international guidelines. Conventional mycological methods were available in routine conditions to investigate suspected DH cases. Treatment of participants followed the institutional routine. One-hundred six participants were included. Median age (interquartile range [IQR]) was 39.5 years (30.0-47.3) and 80 individuals (75.5%) were males. Median (IQR) CD4 cell count was 26.5 (9.4-89.3) cells/mm3. DH was diagnosed in 8/106 patients (7.5%). Antigen assay and/or PCR were positive in 4.7% (5/106) of patients. The antigen assay and/or PCR identified 37.5% (3/8) of DH cases, which had not been diagnosed with conventional mycological methods, but had clinical manifestations compatible with HD. In conclusion, the use of Histoplasma urine antigen and Histoplasma blood PCR guided by CD4 status contributed to the diagnosis of DH in hospitalized individuals. These assays were complementary to conventional mycologic methods and are urgently needed in our setting. LAY SUMMARY: In this prospective cohort study carried-out in a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil, we found a high frequency of AIDS-related disseminated histoplasmosis (8/106, 7.5%). We used urine antigen test and blood PCR assay to improve the diagnosis of this opportunistic disease.

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