RESUMEN

Background: Previous phase 2 trials indicated benefit from B-lymphocyte depletion in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Objective: To evaluate the effect of the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab versus placebo in patients with ME/CFS. Design: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02229942). Setting: 4 university hospitals and 1 general hospital in Norway. Patients: 151 patients aged 18 to 65 years who had ME/CFS according to Canadian consensus criteria and had had the disease for 2 to 15 years. Intervention: Treatment induction with 2 infusions of rituximab, 500 mg/m2 of body surface area, 2 weeks apart, followed by 4 maintenance infusions with a fixed dose of 500 mg at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (n = 77), or placebo (n = 74). Measurements: Primary outcomes were overall response rate (fatigue score ≥4.5 for ≥8 consecutive weeks) and repeated measurements of fatigue score over 24 months. Secondary outcomes included repeated measurements of self-reported function over 24 months, components of the Short Form-36 Health Survey and Fatigue Severity Scale over 24 months, and changes from baseline to 18 months in these measures and physical activity level. Between-group differences in outcome measures over time were assessed by general linear models for repeated measures. Results: Overall response rates were 35.1% in the placebo group and 26.0% in the rituximab group (difference, 9.2 percentage points [95% CI, -5.5 to 23.3 percentage points]; P = 0.22). The treatment groups did not differ in fatigue score over 24 months (difference in average score, 0.02 [CI, -0.27 to 0.31]; P = 0.80) or any of the secondary end points. Twenty patients (26.0%) in the rituximab group and 14 (18.9%) in the placebo group had serious adverse events. Limitation: Self-reported primary outcome measures and possible recall bias. Conclusion: B-cell depletion using several infusions of rituximab over 12 months was not associated with clinical improvement in patients with ME/CFS. Primary Funding Source: The Norwegian Research Council, Norwegian Regional Health Trusts, Kavli Trust, MEandYou Foundation, and Norwegian ME Association.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Depleción Linfocítica , Rituximab/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Infusiones Intravenosas , Masculino , Rituximab/efectos adversos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad

RESUMEN

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4245.].

RESUMEN

Myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease of unknown etiology, with hallmark symptoms including postexertional malaise and poor recovery. Metabolic dysfunction is a plausible contributing factor. We hypothesized that changes in serum amino acids may disclose specific defects in energy metabolism in ME/CFS. Analysis in 200 ME/CFS patients and 102 healthy individuals showed a specific reduction of amino acids that fuel oxidative metabolism via the TCA cycle, mainly in female ME/CFS patients. Serum 3-methylhistidine, a marker of endogenous protein catabolism, was significantly increased in male patients. The amino acid pattern suggested functional impairment of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), supported by increased mRNA expression of the inhibitory PDH kinases 1, 2, and 4; sirtuin 4; and PPARδ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both sexes. Myoblasts grown in presence of serum from patients with severe ME/CFS showed metabolic adaptations, including increased mitochondrial respiration and excessive lactate secretion. The amino acid changes could not be explained by symptom severity, disease duration, age, BMI, or physical activity level among patients. These findings are in agreement with the clinical disease presentation of ME/CFS, with inadequate ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation and excessive lactate generation upon exertion.

RESUMEN

Cells degrade proteins either by proteasomes that clinically are targeted by for example bortezomib or carfilzomib, or by formation of autophagosomes and lysosomal degradation that can be inhibited by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Multiple myeloma is unique among cancers because proteasomal inhibition has good clinical effects. However, some multiple myeloma patients display intrinsic resistance to the treatment and most patients acquire resistance over time. We hypothesized that simultaneous targeting both arms of protein degradation could be a way to improve treatment of multiple myeloma. Here we tested the combined effects of the lysosomal inhibitor HCQ and clinically relevant proteasome inhibitors on myeloma cell lines and primary cells. Carfilzomib and bortezomib both induced immunoglobulin-containing aggregates in myeloma cells. HCQ significantly potentiated the effect of carfilzomib in both cell lines and in primary myeloma cells. In contrast, HCQ had little or no effects on the toxicity of bortezomib. Furthermore, cells adapted to tolerate high levels of carfilzomib could be re-sensitized to the drug by co-treatment with HCQ. Thus, we show that inhibition of lysosomal degradation can overcome carfilzomib resistance, suggesting that the role of autophagy in myeloma cells is dependent on type of proteasome inhibitor. In conclusion, attempts should be made to combine HCQ with carfilzomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Asunto(s)

Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Hidroxicloroquina/farmacología , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Oligopéptidos/farmacología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Bortezomib/farmacología , Bortezomib/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapéutico , Lisosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Macrólidos/farmacología , Microscopía Confocal , Microscopía Fluorescente , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Oligopéptidos/uso terapéutico , Cultivo Primario de Células , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteolisis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Sequestosoma-1/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells. PRL-3 is a phosphatase induced by interleukin (IL)-6 and other growth factors in MM cells and promotes MM-cell migration. PRL-3 has also been identified as a marker gene for a subgroup of patients with MM. In this study we found that forced expression of PRL-3 in the MM cell line INA-6 led to increased survival of cells that were depleted of IL-6. It also caused redistribution of cells in cell cycle, with an increased number of cells in G2M-phase. Furthermore, forced PRL-3 expression significantly increased phosphorylation of Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 both in the presence and the absence of IL-6. Knockdown of PRL-3 with shRNA reduced survival in MM cell line INA-6. A pharmacological inhibitor of PRL-3 reduced survival in the MM cell lines INA-6, ANBL-6, IH-1, OH-2 and RPMI8226. The inhibitor also reduced survival in 9 of 9 consecutive samples of purified primary myeloma cells. Treatment with the inhibitor down-regulated the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and led to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Inhibition of PRL-3 also reduced IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3. In conclusion, our study shows that PRL-3 is an important mediator of growth factor signaling in MM cells and hence possibly a good target for treatment of MM.

Asunto(s)

Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Interleucina-6/farmacología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas/genética , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/genética , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclo Celular/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiple/genética , Mieloma Múltiple/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Proteína 1 de la Secuencia de Leucemia de Células Mieloides/genética , Proteína 1 de la Secuencia de Leucemia de Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas/metabolismo , Proteínas/farmacología , Interferencia de ARN , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Células Tumorales Cultivadas

RESUMEN

In multiple myeloma, elevated MYC expression is related to disease initiation and progression. We found that in myeloma cell lines, MYC gene amplifications were common and correlated with MYC mRNA and protein. In primary cell samples MYC mRNA levels were also relatively high; however gene copy number alterations were uncommon. Elevated levels of MYC in primary myeloma cells have been reported to arise from complex genetic aberrations and are more common than previously thought. Thus, elevated MYC expression is achieved differently in myeloma cell lines and primary cells. Sensitivity of myeloma cell lines to the MYC inhibitor 10058-F4 correlated with MYC expression, supporting that the activity of 10058-F4 was through specific inhibition of MYC.

Asunto(s)

Genes myc , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiple/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Amplificación de Genes , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiple/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/biosíntesis

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Freedom Solo (FS) stentless bioprostheses have superior haemodynamic performance compared to stented valves; however, the data of thrombocytopenia after FS implantations is disturbing. AIM: To compare platelet count and perioperative complications between stentless and stented biological valves in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. METHODS: In 29 patients, FS bovine valves (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy) were implanted. Platelet counts were analysed before surgery, on the day of operation, on four consecutive postoperative days (POD) as well as at discharge, and compared to 29 control patients with biological stented porcine valves (Labcor Laboratorios TLBP-A Supra). The analysis of the perioperative variables extracorporeal circulation (ECC), aortic cross clamping (XC) and mechanical ventilation times, as well as blood supply, was performed. RESULTS: Initial platelet counts were comparable in both groups. In the FS group, platelet levels on the four consecutive POD were significantly lower. The lowest platelet value (13 × 10³/µL), related to fatal thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, was found in one patient from the FS group. ECC as well as XC and mechanical ventilation times, were significantly longer in the FS group, and more blood transfusions in these patients were required. In multiple regression analysis, ECC and XC times did not correlate with platelet count. CONCLUSIONS: Implantations of FS stentless bioprostheses are related to significantly lower platelet counts. Severe perioperative complications and their relation to thrombocytopenia need further evaluation.

Asunto(s)

Bioprótesis/efectos adversos , Cardiopatías Congénitas/terapia , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/terapia , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas/efectos adversos , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas/efectos adversos , Trombocitopenia/sangre , Trombocitopenia/etiología , Anciano , Válvula Aórtica , Enfermedad de la Válvula Aórtica Bicúspide , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Recuento de Plaquetas , Stents , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

The tumor microenvironment can profoundly affect tumor cell survival as well as alter antitumor drug activity. However, conventional anticancer drug screening typically is performed in the absence of stromal cells. Here, we analyzed survival of myeloma cells co-cultured with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) using an automated fluorescence microscope platform, ScanR. By staining the cell nuclei with DRAQ5, we could distinguish between BMSC and myeloma cells, based on their staining intensity and nuclear shape. Using the apoptotic marker YO-PRO-1, the effects of drug treatment on the viability of the myeloma cells in the presence of stromal cells could be measured. The method does not require cell staining before incubation with drugs, and less than 5000 cells are required per condition. The method can be used for large-scale screening of anticancer drugs on primary myeloma cells. This study shows the importance of stromal cell support for primary myeloma cell survival in vitro, as half of the cell samples had a marked increase in their viability when cultured in the presence of BMSC. Stromal cell-induced protection against common myeloma drugs is also observed with this method.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales/métodos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos de Quinolinio/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Benzoxazoles/metabolismo , Nucléolo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Nucléolo Celular/metabolismo , Nucléolo Celular/patología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Humanos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/patología , Mieloma Múltiple/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Microambiente Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Two new dialkylammonium thiosulfates, namely bis(diisopropylammonium) thiosulfate, 2C(6)H(16)N(+)·S(2)O(3)(2-), (I), and bis(tert-butylammonium) thiosulfate, 2C(4)H(12)N(+)·S(2)O(3)(2-), (II), have been characterized. The secondary ammonium salt (I) crystallizes with Z = 4, while the primary ammonium salt (II), with more hydrogen-bond donors, crystallizes with Z = 8 and a noncrystallographic centre of inversion. In both salts, the organic cations and thiosulfate anions are linked within extensive N-H···O and N-H···S hydrogen-bond networks, forming extended two-dimensional layers. Layers are parallel to (101) in (I) and to (002) in (II), and have a polar interior and a nonpolar hydrocarbon exterior. The layered structure and hydrogen-bond motifs observed in (I) and (II) are similar to those in related ammonium sulfates.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Postoperative complications are integral to cardiac surgery. The most serious ones are stroke, which develops in about 7.5% of the patients, and postoperative encephalopathy, which affects 10-30% of the patients. According to bibliographical data, the number of complications is increasing. AIM: To analyse the risk factors and the types of neurological complications in patients undergoing heart surgery. METHODS: We assessed retrospectively 323 consecutive patients undergoing surgery at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland, between July 2007 and June 2008. Group 1 comprised patients without neurological complications (n = 287; 89%) and Group 2 consisted of patients with neurological complications (n = 36; 11%). Our analysis included the following: preoperative status (age, sex, co-morbidities), intraoperative course (surgery type, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB], duration of aortic cross-clamping, types of medications administered, necessity of reinfusion from the cardiotomy reservoir and the necessity of tranexamic acid infusion) and the postoperative course (time to regaining consciousness, duration of mechanical ventilation, development of complications, types of complications). The results were then analysed statistically: arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated for quantitative variables and the quantitative and percentage distributions were calculated for qualitative variables. The between- group comparisons of the quantitative variables were carried out using the t-Student test, while the qualitative variables were compared using the χ(2) test. The variables that proved significant in the univariate comparisons were included in the multivariate model. Regression analysis was the final step of the analysis of the risk factors for neurological complications. Based on the analysis of the ROC curve we calculated the cutoff values for the continuous variables. We calculated odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Among the 36 patients in Group 2, postoperative encephalopathy developed in 22 patients, transient ischaemic attacks in 7 patients, ischaemic stroke in 6 patients (associated with right hemisphere damage in 3 patients and with left hemisphere damage in 3 patients) and haemorrhagic stroke in 1 patient (right hemisphere). Early mortality was 5% with 2 (0.69%) patients dying in Group 1 and 14 (38.9%) in Group 2. Univariate analysis revealed that the preoperative risk factors of neurological complications were: age >68 years (with a cutoff value of 58.5 years), a history of stroke with paresis, atrial fibrillation (AF) and a euroSCORE of >6 (with a cutoff value of 4.5). The peri- and postoperative risk factors included: surgery type (complex coronary and valvular surgeries aortic valve surgeries), duration of CPB of >142 min, duration of aortic crossclamping of >88 min, mean perfusion pressure during CPB of <70 mm Hg, haemodilution manifested by a haematocrit (HCT) of <28%, perfusate supply, time to regaining consciousness of >14.5 h and duration of artificial ventilation of >30.5 h. Multivariate analysis revealed the following factors to increase the risk of neurological complications: long duration of ventilation, a history of stroke with paresis, AF, low HCT values and long duration of aortic cross-clamping. The Nagelkerke R2 coefficient of determination was 0.636, the sensitivity was 74.36%, the specificity was 97.545% and the accuracy was 94.74%. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing heart surgery, the independent risk factors of neurological complications in the first 30 days include: long duration of ventilation, a history of stroke with paresis, AF, haemodilution manifested by an HCT of <28% and long duration of aortic cross-clamping. Neurological complications are associated with high postoperative mortality.

Asunto(s)

Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/clasificación , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/epidemiología , Distribución por Edad , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Encefalopatías/epidemiología , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos/efectos adversos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos/clasificación , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/etiología , Paresia/epidemiología , Polonia/epidemiología , Análisis de Regresión , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Hydrolytically stable silanethiol tris(2,6-diisopropylphenoxy)silanethiol (TDST) has been synthesized and reacted with sodium metal. In solid state TDST exhibits π-interactions between the S-H unit and the π-system of the arene, replaced by cation-π interactions in its sodium salts. The interactions are documented by crystal structures and FT-IR spectroscopy.

RESUMEN

The Cd(II) atom in the title complex, [Cd(C12H27O3SSi)2(C3H4N2)], is penta-coordinated by two O and two S atoms from the O,S-chelating silane-thiol-ate residue and one pyrazole N atom in a distorted geometry that is slightly closer to trigonal-bipyramidal than to square-based pyramidal. The pyrazole ligand is stabilized within the complex by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond. One of the tert-butyl groups is disordered over two orientations with occupancy ratio of 0.534 (6):0.466 (6).

RESUMEN

The Cu(II) ion in the title compound, [CuBr(C(6)H(10)N(2))(4)]Br, is coordinated in a square-based-pyramidal geometry by the N atoms of four imidazole ligands and a bromide anion in the apical site. Both the Cu(II) and Br(-) atoms lie on a crystallographic fourfold axis. In the crystal, the [CuBr(C(6)H(10)N(2))(4)](+) complex cations are linked to the uncoordinated Br(-) anions (site symmetry [Formula: see text]) by N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network. The ethyl group of the imidazole ligand was modelled as disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.620 (8) and 0.380 (8).

RESUMEN

The Cu(II) atom in the title salt, [CuBr(C(6)H(10)N(2))(4)]Br, is coordinated in a square-pyramidal geometry by four imidazole N atoms and one bromide anion that is located at the apex of the pyramid. The cations and the anions form a two-dimensional network parallel to (001) through N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds.

RESUMEN

Reactions of (Et(2)N)(2)P-P(SiMe(3))Li with [Cp(2)MCl(2)] (M = Zr, Hf) in toluene or pentane yield the related terminal phosphanylphosphido complexes [Cp(2)M(Cl){η(1)-(Me(3)Si)P-P(NEt(2))(2)}]. The solid state structure of [Cp(2)Hf(Cl){η(1)-(Me(3)Si)P-P(NEt(2))(2)}] was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction of (Et(2)N)(2)P-P(SiMe(3))Li with [Cp(2)ZrCl(2)] in THF or DME solutions leads to the formation of deep red crystals of the first neutral diamagnetic zirconocene-phosphanylphosphinidene dimer [Cp(2)Zr{µ(2)-P-P(NEt(2))(2)}(2)ZrCp(2)]. The molecular structure of this compound was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The reactions of (R(2)N)(2)P-P(SiMe(3))Li with [CpZrCl(3)] yield the related tetraphosphetanes R(2)NP(µ(2)-PSiMe(3))(2)PNR(2), which apparently are formed as a result of a transfer of NR(2) groups from a P atom to the Zr atom.

RESUMEN

The title chain polymer compound, [GaLi(2)Br(C(3)H(9)OSi)(4)(C(4)H(8)O)(2)](n), was obtained in the reaction of GaBr(3) with Me(3)SiOLi in toluene/tetra-hydro-furan. The Ga(III) atom, located on a twofold rotation axis, is coordinated by four trimethyl-silanolate ligands and has a distorted tetra-hedral geometry. The Li(I) atom is four coordinated by one bridging Br atom located on an inversion centre, two trimethyl-silanolate ligands and one tetra-hydro-furane mol-ecule in a distorted tetra-hedral geometry. The polymeric chains extend along [001]. The tetra-hydro-furane mol-ecule is disordered over two positions with site-occupancy factors of 0.57 (2) and 0.43 (2).

RESUMEN

In the title chromium silanethiol-ate, [Cr(C(12)H(27)O(3)SSi)(2)(C(7)H(9)N)(2)]·C(7)H(8), the Cr(II) atom is coordinated by two S and two N atoms in a distorted square-planar geometrical arrangement. The mononuclear mol-ecule lies on a twofold axis that passes through the pyridine N atoms. The toluene solvent mol-ecule is equally disordered about a twofold axis.

RESUMEN

The crystal of the title compound, C(9)H(20)N(+)·C(9)H(21)O(3)SSi(-), is built of aggregates, each made up of two 2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl-piperidinium cations and two triisopropoxysilanethiol-ate anions. The aggregates are linked by four N-H⋯S bonds and correspond to an R(2) (4)(8) graph-set motif.

RESUMEN

The complexes [2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl-kappaN(3))ethylamine-kappaN]bis(tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolato-kappaS)cobalt(II), [Co(C(12)H(27)O(3)SSi)(2)(C(5)H(9)N(3))], and [2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl-kappaN(3))ethylamine-kappaN]bis(tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolato-kappaS)zinc(II), [Zn(C(12)H(27)O(3)SSi)(2)(C(5)H(9)N(3))], are isomorphous. The central Zn(II)/Co(II) ions are surrounded by two S atoms from the tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolate ligand and by two N atoms from the chelating histamine ligand in a distorted tetrahedral geometry, with two intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the histamine NH(2) groups and tert-butoxy O atoms. Molecules of the complexes are joined into dimers via two intermolecular bifurcated N-H...(S,O) hydrogen bonds. The Zn(II) atom in [(1H-imidazol-4-yl-kappaN(3))methanol]bis(tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolato-kappa(2)O,S)zinc(II), [Zn(C(12)H(27)O(3)SSi)(2)(C(4)H(6)N(2)O)], is five-coordinated by two O and two S atoms from the O,S-chelating silanethiolate ligand and by one N atom from (1H-imidazol-4-yl)methanol; the hydroxy group forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with sulfur. Molecules of this complex pack as zigzag chains linked by N-H...O hydrogen bonds. These structures provide reference details for cysteine- and histidine-ligated metal centers in proteins.

Asunto(s)

Cobalto/química , Histamina/química , Compuestos Organometálicos/química , Proteínas/química , Zinc/química , Cristalografía , Cisteína/química , Histidina/química , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Estructura Molecular

RESUMEN

The title compounds, trichlorido(mu3-triethylphosphine oxide-kappa(3)O:O:O)tris(mu2-triethylphosphine oxide-kappa(2)O:O)trilithium(I) toluene solvate, [Li3Cl3(C6H15OP)4] x C7H8, (I), and trichlorido(mu3-triethylphosphine oxide-kappa(3)O:O:O)tris(mu2-triethylphosphine oxide-kappa(2)O:O)trilithium(I), [Li3Cl3(C6H15OP)4], (II), adopt separated semicubane structures in the solid state which are the first such structures to be reported for LiCl solvates. One triethylphosphine oxide ligand bonds via its O atom to the three Li atoms in a mu3 manner, while the other three triethylphosphine oxide ligands bridge three Li atoms in mu2 manners. The Cl atoms are in terminal instead of bridging positions, which is rather unusual for lithium chloride solvates.