RESUMEN
Though botanical gardens are an important and widely visited component of urban green spaces (UGS) worldwide, their pollution is rarely studied. The aim of this study was to assess botanical garden soil contamination and ecotoxicity and to evaluate whether urban botanical gardens are more contaminated than urban parks. Soil assessments showed serious contamination with Cd, Pb and Zn, emitted predominantly by traffic, agrochemicals and past construction and demolition waste. The discovery of hazardous historical ecological burden in the UGS calls for the necessity of detailed surveys of such areas. Despite prevailing moderate-to-heavy contamination, the soil was only slightly ecotoxic. Maximum immobilisation inhibition of Daphnia magna reached 15%. Growth of Sinapis alba L. was predominantly stimulated (73%), and Desmodesmus subspicatus Chodat was exclusively stimulated, possibly due to soil alkalinity and fertiliser-related nutrients. The hypothesis of a higher contamination of urban botanical gardens compared to urban parks was confirmed. However, urban parks can face a greater risk of soil ecotoxicity, hypothetically due to decreased activity of soil organisms resulting from adverse soil conditions caused by active recreation. The results highlight the need for an increased focus on botanical and ornamental gardens when assessing and managing UGS as areas potentially more burdened with contamination.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados , Contaminantes del Suelo , Ciudades , República Checa , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Jardines , Metales Pesados/análisis , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Parques Recreativos , Suelo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidadRESUMEN
This paper reviews the use of modern 3D image-based and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) methods of surface reconstruction techniques for high fidelity surveys of small rock outcrops to highlight their potential within structural geology and landscape protection. LiDAR and Structure from Motion (SfM) software provide useful opportunities for rock outcrops mapping and 3D model creation. The accuracy of these surface reconstructions is crucial for quantitative structural analysis. However, these technologies require either a costly data acquisition device (Terrestrial LiDAR) or specialized image processing software (SfM). Recent developments in augmented reality and smartphone technologies, such as increased processing capacity and higher resolution of cameras, may offer a simple and inexpensive alternative for 3D surface reconstruction. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to show the possibilities of using smartphone applications for model creation and to determine their accuracy for rock outcrop mapping.