RESUMEN
The present study deals with the short-term physicochemical reactions at the interface between bioactive glass particles [55SiO(2)-20CaO-9P(2)O(5)-12Na(2)O-4MgO. mol%] and biological fluid (Dulbecco Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)). The physicochemical reactions within the interface are characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (STEM) associated with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Microanalysis of diffusible ions such as sodium, potassium, or oxygen requires a special care. In the present investigation the cryo-technique was adopted as a suitable tool for the specimen preparation and characterization. Cryosectioning is essential for preserving the native distribution of ions so that meaningful information about the local concentrations can be obtained by elemental microanalysis. The bioglass particles immersed in biological fluid for 24 h revealed five reaction stages: (i) dealkalization of the surface by cationic exchange (Na(+), Ca(2+) with H(+) or H(3)O(+)); (ii) loss of soluble silica in the form of Si(OH)(4) to the solution resulting from the breakdown of Si--O--Si bonds (iii); repolymerization of Si(OH)(4) leading to condensation of SiO(2)); (iv) migration of Ca(2+) and PO(4) (3-) to the surface through the SiO(2)-rich layer to form CaO-P(2)O(5) film; (v) crystallization of the amorphous CaO-P(2)O(5) by incorporating OH-- or CO(3) (2-) anions with the formation of three different surface layers on the bioactive glass periphery. The thickness of each layer is approximately 300 nm and from the inner part to the periphery they consist of Si--OH, which permits the diffusion of Ca(2+) and PO(4) (3-) ions and the formation of the middle Ca--P layer, and finally the outer layer composed of Na--O, which acts as an ion exchange layer between Na(+) ions and H(+) or H(3)O(+) from the solution.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Vidrio , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión de Rastreo/métodos , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión de Rastreo/instrumentación , Espectrometría por Rayos X/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
A CaO-P(2)O(5)-SiO(2)-ZnO bioglass was formed by the sol-gel technique and characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface reactivity of the resultant glass-ceramic specimens was analyzed by immersion studies in simulated body fluid (SBF). SEM-EDXS and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry techniques were used to monitor changes in the glass surface and SBF composition. Osteoblast cell culture experiments were performed to assess the biocompatibility and the alkaline phosphatase activity. Cell counts of the osteoblasts cultured on the bioglass samples were studied and compared with the polystyrene plates. The cells cultured on the bioglass disks consistently showed a higher alkaline phosphatase activity and cell counts compared to cells cultured on either polystyrene plates or the base CaO-P(2)O(5)-SiO(2) bioglass. This was due to cell proliferation and differentiation promoted by the zinc-substituted bioglass.