RESUMEN
It has been known for some years that entanglement entropy obtained from partial trace does not provide the correct entanglement measure when applied to systems of identical particles. Several criteria have been proposed that have the drawback of being different according to whether one is dealing with fermions, bosons, or distinguishable particles. In this Letter, we give a precise and mathematically natural answer to this problem. Our approach is based on the use of the more general idea of the restriction of states to subalgebras. It leads to a novel approach to entanglement, which is suitable to be used in general quantum systems and especially in systems of identical particles. This settles some recent controversy regarding entanglement for identical particles. The prospects for applications of our criteria are wide ranging, from spin chains in condensed matter to entropy of black holes.
RESUMEN
The consideration of noncommutative spacetimes in quantum theory can be plausibly advocated from physics at the Planck scale. Typically, this noncommutativity is controlled by fixed "vectors" or "tensors" with numerical entries like θµν for the Moyal spacetime. In approaches enforcing Poincaré invariance, these deform or twist the method of (anti)symmetrization of identical particle state vectors. We argue that the Earth's rotation and movements in the cosmos are "sudden" events to Pauli-forbidden processes. This induces (twisted) bosonic components in state vectors of identical spinorial particles. These components induce non-Pauli transitions. From known limits on such transitions, we infer that the energy scale for noncommutativity is â³10(24) TeV. This suggests a new energy scale beyond the Planck scale.