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BACKGROUND: Non-technical skills are interpersonal and cognitive skills involved in safe performance and preventing adverse events during surgery. it is necessary to dominate the non-technical skills to ensure patient safety. This study has aimed to assess the validity and reliability of Oxford Non-technical skills 2 system (Oxford NOTECHS 2) in Iran and to evaluate surgical teams' non-technical skills in orthopedic surgery wards. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran, Iran during 2015. The level of evidence is III based on Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. We followed the Beaton's guideline for Persian translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the checklist. In this study, 60 orthopedic surgical team members working in two selected public hospitals were selected by cluster random sampling method.Oxford NOTECHS 2 system which is consisted of four subscales including leadership and management, teamwork and collaboration, decision-makingand problem-solving, and situational awareness was used to collect the data. RESULTS: The overall mean score of non-technical skills was 69.52±6.64. The mean score for surgery, anesthesia, and nursing sub-teams were 24.98±3.71, 21.12±4.29, and 23.42±3.60, respectively. The teams' scores in total, leadership and management, teamwork and collaboration, problem solving and decision making, and situational awareness at the standard level were 74.70%, 76.95%, 73.75%, 66.87%, and 74.70% of maximum score, respectively. CONCLUSION: The validity and reliability of the Persian version of Oxford NOTECHS 2 scale in Iran was confirmed. The results of this study showed that surgical teams' non-technical skills were at a moderate level in orthopedic surgery wards. The minimum score of the surgical teams' non-technical skills belonged to anesthesia and maximum to surgery sub-team. Using the training programs and setup workshop is recommended to improve the surgical teams' non-technical skills, especially surgery-nursing sub-team.
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OBJECTIVE: Following traumatic brain injury, disruption of blood-brain-barrier and consequent brain edema are critical events which might lead to increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), and nerve damage. The current study assessed the effects of aqueous date fruit extract (ADFE) on the aforementioned parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, diffused traumatic brain injury (TBI) was generated in adult male rats using Marmarou's method. Experimental groups include two pre-treatment (oral ADFE, 4 and 8 mL/kg for 14 days), vehicle (distilled water, for 14 days) and sham groups. Brain edema and neuronal injury were measured 72 hours after TBI. Veterinary coma scale (VCS) and ICP were determined at -1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after TBI. Differences among multiple groups were assessed using ANOVA. Turkey's test was employed for the ANOVA post-hoc analysis. The criterion of statistical significance was sign at P<0.05. RESULTS: Brain water content in ADFE-treated groups was decreased in comparison with the TBI+vehicle group. VCS at 24, 48 and 72 hours after TBI showed a significant increase in ADFE groups in comparison with the TBI+vehicle group. ICP at 24, 48 and 72 hours after TBI, was decreased in ADFE groups, compared to the TBI+vehicle. Brain edema, ICP and neuronal injury were also decreased in ADFE group, but VCS was increased following on TBI. CONCLUSION: ADFE pre-treatment demonstrated an efficient method for preventing traumatic brain deterioration and improving pathological parameters after TBI.