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Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic steatohepatitis disorder. If left untreated, it can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Several studies have shown that saroglitazar, a PPARα/γ dual agonist, and curcumin (the principal constituent of turmeric) may be effective in the treatment of NAFLD. This research aimed to study the pharmacological mechanism of these compounds in rats with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: NAFLD was induced in male Wistar rats (aged 6-8 weeks) by feeding them a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. Subsequently, the rats were divided into four groups, with Group 1 continuing on HFD, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received HFD supplemented with saroglitazar, curcumin, and both saroglitazar and curcumin, respectively. We evaluated the expression of Nrf2, ERK1/2, NOX1,2,4, antioxidant enzymes, PPARα, γ, and genes regulating lipid metabolism in the liver. Histopathology of liver tissue was also examined. Furthermore, we analyzed serum levels of lipid profiles and hepatic enzymes. Results: Rats with NAFLD that received treatment involving saroglitazar and curcumin showed a significant decrease in the expression of ERK1/2, SREBP1, PPARγ, pro-inflammatory cytokines, NOXs, and ROS levels. Additionally, the levels of Nrf2, PPARα, and antioxidant enzymes showed a significant increase. The serum levels of lipid profiles and hepatic enzymes also decreased significantly after drug treatment. Conclusion: Our results confirm that both saroglitazar and curcumin ameliorate NAFLD by regulating the Nrf2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that curcumin could serve as a suitable substitute for saroglitazar, although they appear to have a synergistic effect.

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Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized primarily by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) play a significant role in preventing the incidence of dyslipidemia and its complications. HDL has different protective functions, such as reducing oxidation, vascular inflammation, and thrombosis; additionally, its anti-diabetic role is one of the most significant recent discoveries about HDL and some of its constituent lipoproteins. Methods: This research reviews ongoing studies and preliminary investigations into the assessment of relation between decreased level of HDL and T2DM. Results: The levels of HDL and its functions contribute to glucose hemostasis and the development of T2DM through four possible mechanisms, including insulin secretion by beta cells, peripheral insulin sensitivity, non-insulin-dependent glucose uptake, and adipose tissue metabolic activity. Additionally, the anti-oxidant properties of HDL protect beta cells from apoptosis caused by oxidative stress and inflammation induced by low-density lipoprotein, which facilitate insulin secretion. Conclusion: Therefore, HDL and its compositions, especially Apo A-I, play an important role in regulating glucose metabolism, and decreased levels of HDL can be considered a risk factor for DM. Different factors, such as hypoalphalipoproteinemia that manifests as a consequence of genetic factors, such as Apo A-I deficiency, as well as secondary causes arising from lifestyle choices and underlying medical conditions that decrease the level of HDL, could be associated with DM. Moreover, intricate connections between HDL and diabetic complications extend beyond glucose metabolism to encompass complications like cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. Therefore, the exact interactions between HDL level and DM should be evaluated in future studies.

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BACKGROUND: Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is a major energy-generating process in the mitochondria and supports proliferation, growth, and survival of cancer cells. L-Carnitine is an essential co-factor for carrying long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. The entry of l-carnitine across cell membrane is regulated by OCTN2 (SLC22A5). Thus, it can plays a significant role in the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. This study aimed to evaluate the OCTN2 expression and its association with clinicopathological characteristics in breast cancer. METHODS: In this work, OCTN2 was examined in 54 pairs of fresh samples of breast cancer (BC) and adjacent noncancerous tissue using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The IHC approach was also used to investigate the expression of additional clinicopathological features. RESULTS: The present research findings revealed that the relative expression of OCTN2 in BC tissues was substantially higher than the adjacent normal tissues. This up-regulation was correlated positively with tumor size and Ki-67 and negatively with the progesterone receptor (PR) status, providing evidence of the opposite effects of OCTN2 and PR on tumor development. CONCLUSION: The study shows that the OCTN2 expression in BC patients may be used as a prognostic biomarker and a tumor oncogene. As a result, it could be considered a possible therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the significance of the findings needs to be confirmed by further studies.

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Integrin α2ß1 plays an important role in cellular migration and metastasis processes associated with prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to assess whether selective inhibition of integrin α2ß1 is an effective strategy to target metastatic prostate cancer cells. In this regard, we examined the effects of the inhibitor BTT-3033, which selectively interferes with the connection between integrin a2b1 and its ligand, on migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and specific intracellular signaling pathways using LNcap-FGC and DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry assays showed that inhibition of integrin a2b1 inhibits EMT, through the increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of N-cadherin and vimentin. Scratch wound healing assays revealed a direct effect on integrin α2ß1 in the migration capacity of cells. In addition, treatment with BTT-3033 induced a reduction in cell viability and proliferation, as assessed by MTT and BrdU assays. In addition, the results show that BTT-3033 inhibits cell proliferation by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest. Moreover, inhibition of integrin α2ß1 induces apoptosis through the activation of ROS, Bax protein upregulation, caspase-3 activation, and depletion of ΔΨm.  Molecular signaling studies showed that integrin α2ß1 was a positive regulator of MKK7 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our results reveal a critical role for integrin a2b1 in the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, as demonstrated by EMT inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction in response to treatment with its specific inhibitor BT-3033.

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BACKGROUND: In cancer cells, re-activation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) program through Discoidin Domain Receptor1 (DDR1) leads to metastasis. DDR1-targeted therapy with siRNA might be a promising strategy for EMT inhibition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DDR1 knockdown in the EMT, migration, and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. For this purpose, the expression of DDR1 was down regulated by the siRNA approach in LNcap-FGC and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. METHODS: Immunocytochemistry was carried out for the assessment of EMT. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Bax, Bcl2, and the phosphorylation level of Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and Map Kinase Kinase 7 (MKK7) was determined using the western blot. Wound healing assay was used to evaluate cell migration. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the apoptosis rate in siRNA-transfected cancer cells. RESULTS: Our findings showed that the stimulation of DDR1 with collagen-I caused increased phosphorylation of Pyk2 and MKK7 signaling molecules that led to the induction of EMT and migration in DU-145 and LNcap- FGC cells. In contrast, DDR1 knockdown led to significant attenuation of EMT, migration, and phosphorylation levels of Pyk2 and MKK7. Moreover, DDR1 knockdown via induction of Bax expression and suppression of Bcl-2 expression induces apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our results indicate that the DDR1 targeting with siRNA may be beneficial for the inhibition of EMT and the induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer.

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Didscoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is involved in the progression of prostate cancer metastasis through stimulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). So DDR1 inhibition can be a helpful target for cancer metastasis prevention. So, we studied the effects of DDR1 inhibition on EMT as well as induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. DDR1 expression was evaluated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The EMT-associated protein expression was determined using the western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry following treatment with various concentrations of DDR1 inhibitor. The activation of DDR1 and also downstream-signaling molecules Pyk2 and MKK7 were determined using western blot analysis. Cell survival and proliferation after DDR1 inhibition were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, bromodeoxyuridine, and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry analysis was used to determine the effects of DDR1 inhibition on cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis using annexin V/propidium iodide-based flow cytometry. Results showed that the protein expression of N-cadherin and vimentin were decreased whereas protein expression of E-cadherin was increased after DDR1 inhibition. Results of our western blot analysis indicated that DDR1 inhibitor effectively downregulated P-DDR1, P-Pyk2, and P-MKK7 levels. This result also showed that DDR1 inhibition decreased cell survival and proliferation, induced G1 cell-cycle arrest, induced apoptosis by an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and also by reactive oxygen species creation in prostate cancer cells. These data show that DDR1 inhibition can result in the EMT prevention via inhibition of Pyk2 and MKK7 signaling pathway and induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. Thus, this study identifies DDR1 as an important target for modulating EMT and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.

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BACKGROUND: Mitomycin C (MMC) is an anti-cancer drug used for the treatment of breast cancer with limited therapeutic index, extreme gastric adverse effects and bone marrow suppression. The purpose of the present study was the preparation of a dual-targeted delivery system of MMC for targeting CD44 and LHRH overexpressed receptors of breast cancer. METHODS: MMC loaded LHRH targeted chonderosome was prepared by precipitation method and was characterized for their physicochemical properties. Cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity tests were studied on cell lines of MCF-7, MDA-MB231 and 4T1 (as CD44 and LHRH positive cells) and BT-474 cell line (as CD44 negative receptor cells). The in vivo histopathology and antitumor activity of MMC-loaded chonderosomes were compared with free MMC in 4T1 cells inducing breast cancer in Balb-c mice. RESULTS: MMC loaded LHRH targeted chonderosomes caused 3.3 and 5.5 fold more cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and 4T1 cells than free MMC at concentrations of 100µM and 10µM, respectively. However, on BT-474 cells the difference was insignificant. The cell cycle test showed no change for MMC mechanism of action when it was loaded in chonderosomes compared to free MMC. The in vivo antitumor studies showed that MMC loaded LHRH targeted chonderosomes were 6.5 fold more effective in the reduction of tumor volume than free MMC with the most severe necrosis compared to non-targeted chonderosomes in pathological studies on harvested tumors. CONCLUSION: The developed MMC loaded LHRH targeted chonderosomes were more effective in tumor growth suppression and may be promising for targeted delivery of MMC in breast cancer.

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OBJECTIVE: Negative symptoms are a significant barrier to successful functional outcome and recovery in individuals with schizophrenia and their management is not unproblematic. Reboxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). Previous studies regarding the useful effects of reboxetine on deficit symptoms of schizophrenia have resulted in inconsistent results. The present study therefore evaluated the effectiveness of reboxetine as an adjunctive treatment in a group of schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. METHOD: A total of 50 male inpatients meeting diagnosis of schizophrenia entered into a 12-week parallel group, double-blind study for random assignment to reboxetine (n = 25 patients) or placebo (n = 25 patients). The inclusion criterion, in addition to the diagnosis of schizophrenia, was the existence of obvious negative symptoms for a duration of at least 2 years. The Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) was used as the primary outcome measure. The Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Simpson Angus Scale (SAS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) were used for comparison of the intervening parameters in this study. RESULTS: According to the findings, 76% of patients in the target group showed some positive response to reboxetine compared with 24% in the control group (p < 0.01). The mean total score of SANS in the reboxetine group decreased significantly from 79.94 ± 1.20 to 74.23 ± 4.07 (p < 0.0001) at the end of the study; such an improvement was not significant in the placebo group with a decrease from 80.42 ± 2.46 to 79.08 ± 5.83 (p < 0.29). Changes of SAPS were insignificant in both groups. Effect size analysis for changes of SANS at the end of assessment indicated a large improvement with reboxetine (Cohen's d = 2.91). CONCLUSION: Reboxetine, as an adjuvant to haloperidol, may have a helpful effect on the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia.

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BACKGROUND: Bioflavonoids are well known for their multi directional biologic activity including antidiabetic effect. It has been demonstrated that flavonoids can act as insulin secretagogue or insulin mimetic agents. OBJECTIVES: This experimental study was designed in Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, to investigate the effects of biochanin A (a bioflavonoid) on fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, serum enzymes, and visfatin of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used 24 male Wistar rats and randomly allocated them to four groups of six rats. One group was randomly assigned as control and diabetes was induced in three other groups by administration of streptozocin (35 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally. The groups received the following treatments: group 1 (control), 5% DMSO; group 2 (diabetic control), 0.5% DMSO; and group 3 and 4, respectively 10 and 15 mg/kg biochanin A for 30 days. Body weight and biochemical parameters including FBG, HbA1c, lipid profile, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and visfatin were measured in all rats. RESULTS: FBG level was significantly reduced in treated diabetic rats (139.8 ± 9.3 and 206 ± 11 mg/dL in groups 3 and 4, respectively) in comparison to the diabetic control (295.1 ± 14 mg/dL) (P < 0.05). Administration of biochanin A significantly decreased HbA1c in group 3 (6.66 ± 0.33) and group 4 (7.11 ± 0.31) in comparison to the diabetic control group (8.26 ± 0.44) (P < 0.05). Levels of serum visfatin were improved to near normal levels in the treated rats (249 ± 35.5 and 161.33 ± 13.07 in groups 3 and 4, respectively) in comparison to the diabetic control (302.17 ± 19.4) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, biochanin A showed a protective effect against weight loss in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). In treated rats, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were significantly decreased and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) was increased in comparison with the diabetic control group. In addition, biochanin A restored the altered plasma enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) activities to near normal. Histopathologic examination of the pancreas also indicated that biochanin A had protective effects on ß-cells in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that biochanin A possessed hypoglycemic and antilipemic activities and could increase visfatin expression, which suggests its beneficial effect in the treatment of diabetes.

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Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a common infection worldwide and has been associated with severe morbidity. The level of vitamin B 12 in HP-infected chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is reported to be lower than in the general population. The present study has been designed to evaluate the vitamin B 12 level in HP-infected CKD patients. We assessed the serum levels of vitamin B 12 in 50 CKD patients with positive HP serology, one and three months after the eradication of HP infection. There were significant differences between the serum levels of vitamin B 12 in the study patients before (806.98 ± 466.82) and after (760.36 ± 433.93) eradication treatment (P <0.001). We conclude that our study suggests the correlation between vitamin B 12 deficiency in CKD patients and the HP infection status.

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Epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurological disorders. Despite the advances and improvements in treatment of seizure disorders, immunologic alterations related to anticonvulsant drugs have been described. The aim of this paper is to assess the effect of some antiepileptic drugs on serum immunoglobulin levels in epileptic patients. Seventy-one patients with epilepsy were included in the study. Participants were divided into three groups based on their treatment with carbamazepine (n=33), sodium valproate (n=22) or phenobarbital (n=16) as monotherapy. Three samples were taken from each patient and serum immunoglobulin levels were measured before treatment, 3 months and 6 months after therapy. Overall, eleven patients out of 71 (15.5%) had a decrease in at least one serum immunoglobulin level (more than 2SD below age-matched control). In the patients receiving carbamazepine, 8 patients (24.2%) showed significant decline in at least one immunoglobulin (3 cases in IgA and 5 cases in IgG). In the group of treated with sodium valproate, 2 patients showed significant decrease in serum IgA level. Results of the last group indicated a significant reduction in serum IgG concentration only in one patient. No patient at all showed significant decrease in serum IgM level. This study suggests that anti-epileptic drugs could reduce serum immunoglobulins, especially IgA and IgG; among them carbamazepine effect is of more concern.

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