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OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Since the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), which is used in the diagnosis and grading of OSAS, does not adequately reflect the clinical perspective of the disease, the Baveno classification of OSA was developed, which allows multicomponent evaluation of OSAS patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the application of the Baveno classification in clinical practice. PATIENTS/METHODS: A prospective study was performed on patients diagnosed with OSAS between January 2021 and June 2022. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to Baveno classification (Groups A-D) and three groups as mild, moderate, and severe OSAS according to AHI. RESULTS: A total of 378 patients (70% male, mean age 48.68 ± 11.81 years) were included in the study. The patients had mild (n: 75; 20%), moderate (n: 88; 23%), and severe (n: 215; 57%) OSAS. According to Baveno classification, patients were included in Groups A (n: 90; 24%), B (n: 105 (28%), C (n: 65; 17%), and D (n: 118; 31%). The mean AHIs of the Baveno groups were similar (p = 0.116). Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was higher in Groups B and D compared to Group A. The duration of T90 desaturation was longer in Groups C and D compared to Groups A and B (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Baveno classification divided our OSAS cases into equivalent groups. One out of every four patients with mild OSAS was in Group D. This data was noteworthy in that the Baveno classification allows for the identification of symptomatic and comorbid patients with mild OSAS according to AHI and for the application of more effective treatments to these patients. Patients with comorbidities experienced oxygen desaturation for a longer period of time at night, and oxygenation deteriorated in patients with prominent symptoms. Baveno classification was found to be a more reasonable and easily applicable approach in clinical practice.

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PURPOSE: The Lausanne NoSAS (Neck circumference, Obesity, Snoring, Age, Sex) score is a new tool for the identification of high-risk patients for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Up to now, no study has attempted to determine the role of NoSAS score in cardiovascular morbidity of patients with OSA. We aimed to investigate the relationships between NoSAS scores and CVD and also between severity of OSA, polysomnographic parameters, and NoSAS scores in patients with OSA. METHODS: Patients with diagnosis of OSA by full-night polysomnography were recruited in the study. Based on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) scores, the patients were categorized as OSA-negative (AHI < 5), mild OSA (5 ≤ AHI < 15), moderate OSA (15 ≤ AHI < 30), and severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30). The definition of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) included the presence of any of the diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, or arrhythmia. RESULTS: A total of 1514 patients including cases with 199 OSA-negative, 391 mild, 342 moderate, and 582 severe OSA were enrolled in the study. NoSAS scores were significantly different between mild, moderate, and severe OSA groups. NoSAS scores were negatively correlated with minimum oxygen saturation values and positively with AHI and ODI (oxygen desaturation index) values (P < 0.001). NoSAS scores were significantly higher in patients with CVD, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease compared with those without (P < 0.005). NoSAS cut-off values for hypertension (14), congestive heart failure (8.5), coronary artery disease (9), cerebrovascular event (11), and diabetes mellitus (10) were also determined. CONCLUSION: NoSAS scores are associated with CVD and the severity of OSA. NoSAS scores may be useful to predict CVD in patients with OSA.

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INTRODUCTION: Patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) are classified into 3 groups according to the clinical risk factors associated with mortality. High-risk patients and some of the intermediate-risk patients should be treated immediately to decrease the high mortality risk. Although clinical risk level of PTE can be determined by using echocardiography to evaluate right ventricle overload and pulmonary artery pressure findings, it may not be available in all emergency settings. AIM: The purpose of the study was to define the laboratory biomarkers, which can be used in place of echocardiography for PTE risk stratification. METHODS: Patients (n = 98) were divided into 3 groups as high-risk (n = 13), intermediate-risk (n = 50), and low-risk (n = 35) groups, according to clinical risk factors at the first referral to hospital. Hepatic, cardiac, and renal markers were evaluated and compared among 3 groups. RESULTS: Among biomarkers examined, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine, uric acid, troponin I, N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, creatine kinase-MB, D-dimer, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels were found different between groups. All of these biomarkers except for ESR had positive correlation, whereas ESR had negative correlation with the mortality risk. An analysis of covariance for the age difference among patient groups showed that all the biomarkers other than urea and D-dimer levels remained significantly different among risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: At emergency conditions in which echocardiography assessment is not available, PTE patients who have increased levels of certain hepatic, cardiac, and renal biomarkers should cautiously be evaluated for having an increased risk for mortality. Increased levels of these biomarkers may guide the consideration for thrombolytic treatment.

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Bronchoesophageal fistula (BEF) is an undesirable consequence of esophageal cancer. A BEF is encountered in 5% to 15% of patients with esophageal cancer. It is generally a life-threatening complication because of the development of recurrent pulmonary infection and sepsis. We present a case with esophageal cancer and acquired BEF. The fistula allowed herniation of the esophageal wall into the endobronchial lumen, causing significant obstruction of the airway lumen, findings not reported previously.

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