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In the face of global species loss, it is paramount to understand the effects of human activity on vulnerable species, particularly in highly diverse, complex systems. The Greater Madidi Landscape in the Bolivian Amazon includes several biodiverse protected areas that were created with the goal of sustaining healthy and diverse ecosystems while not impeding the livelihoods of local indigenous peoples. In this study, we sought to use camera trap data and single-species occupancy analysis to assess the impacts of different forms of human activity on four species of small felids: ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margays (Leopardus wiedii), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), and oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus). We modeled both human variables (proximity to indigenous communities, roads, and tourist camps) and non-human variables (terrain ruggedness, proximity to rivers, canopy height, prey availability, and large cat abundance). Margay occupancy was unaffected by any of these human variables and ocelots showed only weak evidence of being affected by tourism. Ocelots were particularly pervasive throughout the study area and were consistently estimated to have high occupancy probability. We did not obtain sufficient data on jaguarundi or oncilla to reliably model these effects. Our results indicate that small cats successfully coexist both with each other and with the surrounding human activity in this unique landscape, which serves as a model for global protected area management.

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Lowland tapir distribution is described in northwestern Bolivia and southeastern Peru within the Greater Madidi-Tambopata Landscape, a priority Tapir Conservation Unit, using 1255 distribution points derived from camera trapping efforts, field research and interviews with park guards from 5 national protected areas and hunters from 19 local communities. A total of 392 independent camera trapping events from 14 camera trap surveys at 11 sites demonstrated the nocturnal and crepuscular activity patterns (86%) of the lowland tapir and provide 3 indices of relative abundance for spatial and temporal comparison. Capture rates for lowland tapirs were not significantly different between camera trapping stations placed on river beaches versus those placed in the forest. Lowland tapir capture rates were significantly higher in the national protected areas of the region versus indigenous territories and unprotected portions of the landscape. Capture rates through time suggested that lowland tapir populations are recovering within the Tuichi Valley, an area currently dedicated towards ecotourism activities, following the creation (1995) and subsequent implementation (1997) of the Madidi National Park in Bolivia. Based on our distributional data and published conservative estimates of population density, we calculated that this transboundary landscape holds an overall lowland tapir population of between 14 540 and 36 351 individuals, of which at least 24.3% are under protection from national and municipal parks. As such, the Greater Madidi-Tambopata Landscape should be considered a lowland tapir population stronghold and priority conservation efforts are discussed in order to maintain this population.

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Objetivo: Determinar los cambios histomorfológicos que ocurren en el tejido dentoalveolar de la mandíbula de una progenie de ratas albinas sometidas a dietas con diferentes concentraciones de riboflavina (B2) e iguales concentraciones de los demás nutrientes, durante el periodo de gestación y lactancia, hasta los 28 días de edad. Diseño: Estudio experimental y analítico. Lugar: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición Alberto Guzmán Barrón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Crías de ratas albinas Holtzman. Intervenciones: Se utilizó 60 crías de ratas, que fueron progenie de 16 ratas albinas Holtzman, conformándose 4 grupos con capacidad de reproducción y con diferentes requerimientos de riboflavina: Grupo A (100% de requerimiento de B2), Grupo B (50% de B2) Grupo C (25% de B2) y Grupo D (0% de B2). Las crías de cada grupo fueron sacrificadas a los 0, 7, 14, 21 y 28 días de nacimiento, y se sometió a estudios histológicos los tejidos dentoalveolares de 60 crías. Principales medidas de resultados: Alteraciones en la talla, peso corporal y el tejido dentoalveolar de las ratas crías. Resultados: Microscópicamente, el estudio reveló que la carencia total de riboflavina en la dieta materna (0% de B2) ocasiona en el tejido dentoalveolar de las crías cambios histomorfológicos, como pérdida de la polaridad nuclear, presencia de microvacuolas y áreas de pseudo-estratificación en ameloblastos y odontoblastos, disminución del número de células del tejido dentoalveolar, aparición de edema en predentina, disminución de las células activas en el caso de fibroblastos y cementoblastos, notable disminución y adelgazamiento de las fibras colágenas y reducción del grosor de las trabeculas óseas. Alteraciones similares pero en menor cuantía se halló en ratas con deficiencia de B2. Conclusiones: La carencia total de riboflavina (0%) en la dieta materna de las ratasdurante la gestación y lactación ...

Objective: To determine histomorphological changes in jaw dentoalveolar tissue in a progeny of albino rats fed with diets containing different concentrations of riboflavin (B2) and equivalent concentrations of other nutrients, during gestation and lactation and until 28 days of birth. Design: Experimental, longitudinal and analytical. Setting: Alberto Guzman Barron Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biologic material: Holtzman albino rats. Interventions: We used 20 Holtzman albino rats (16 females and 4 males) with reproduction capacity and conformed four groups, according to the demands of riboflavin: Group A (100% of B2), Group B (50% of B2), Group C (25% of B2), and Group D (0% of B2). Submitted to ether anesthesia the offspring of each rats group was sacrificed at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days from birth and the dentoalveolar tissues of 60 offspring were subjected to histological examinations. Main outcome measures: Height, weight and dentoalveolar tissue alterations in rat progeny. Results: Deficiency (50% and 25%) and riboflavin total lack (0%) caused alterations on offspring growth and development. Microscopy revealed total lack of riboflavin (0%) in the mother's diet caused some histomorphological changes in the offspring dentoalveolar tissue, such as loss of nuclear polarity, presence of microvacuoles and areas of pseudo-stratification in ameloblasts and odontoblasts, decrease in the number of cells of the dentoalveolar tissue, edema in predentin, decrease in the number of fibroblasts and cementoblasts active cells, remarkable decrease and slimming of collagen fibers, and reduction of osseous trabeculae's thickness. Conclusions: Total lack of riboflavin in the rat mothers' diet during gestation and lactation causes less quantity and minor quality of ameloblasts.

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