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High levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) are involved in tumour escape mechanisms. The aim of this study is the evaluation of L-kynurenine of plasma as marker of diagnostic and prognostic in patients with colorectal cancer. The study included 78 patients with colorectal cancer, of whom 15 % were in stage I/II, 30 % in stage III, and 55 % in stage IV, and was compared with a control group of 70 healthy subjects. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.917, with a specificity of 100 % and with a sensitivity to detect cancer of the colon of 85.2 %, taking 1.83 µM as a cut-off point. The overall survival analysis also indicated that patients with low levels of L-kynurenine in plasma increased survival rate after 45 months of follow-up (P = 0.032). These results show that the plasma levels of L-kynurenine could be a good biomarker to differentiate individuals with colorectal cancer from healthy individuals.

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Since the first choledochotomy was practiced successfully on May 9, 1889 by the English surgeon Knowsley Thornton in London,85 years have passed for the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to take the leading role as the first alternative in the attempted resolution for obstructive jaundice. Moreover, together with the endosonography these techniques achieve significant success rates in restoring drainage obstructed bile duct, which has led to a significant drop in surgical volume; all triggered by the expansion of technological development that offers new equipment as well as new tools for diagnosis and treatment of the formerly called “surgical jaundice”.

Desde que la primera coledocotomía con éxito fuera practicada el 9 de mayo de 1889 por el cirujano inglés Knowsley Thorton en Londres, debieron transcurrir 85 años para que la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica tomara el rol preponderante que actualmente ostenta como la primera alternativa en el intento de resolución de la ictericia obstructiva. Además, junto con la endosonografía logran importantes porcentajes de éxito en restablecer el drenaje de la vía biliar obstruida, lo que ha conllevado a una importante baja del volumen quirúrgico; todo catapultado por la expansión del desarrollo tecnológico que pone a disposición nuevos equipos como también nuevos instrumentos tanto para el diagnóstico como el tratamiento de la antiguamente llamada “ictericia quirúrgica”.

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Se analizó en exfumadores el efecto de los programas educativos anti-tabaco. Participaron 241 exfumadores, 171 hombres y 70 mujeres, con edad promedio 56,8 años. El motivo por el cual dejaron de fumar definitivamente, el 43% 10 hizo por enfermedad; el 16% porque un familiar y/o amistad muy cercana enfermó; el 15% por pedido de los hijos y/o nietos. El 17%. había seguido algún programa anti-tabaco, pero sin éxito. El 89% aceptó que fumar es dañino para la salud y esta información fue obtenida a través de la televisión (57%), periódicos (43%) y campañas de salud (J 7%). El 78% sabía que el tabaco puede producir cáncer, el 45% 10 relaciona a enfermedades pulmonares, pero menos de la mitad acepto que ellos están expuestos a dichas enfermedades. Los programas educativos no determinaron para que la persona abandone el cigarrillo. Hubo un mayor conocimiento de los peligros del tabaco pero faltó aceptarlo como un riesgo personal.

We analyzed the effect of the antismoking educational programs in ex-smokers. The population was 241 ex-smokers, 171 males and 70 females, mean age 56,8 years. The principal reason 43% ofparticipants quilted smoking permanently dub to illness; while 16% because afamiliar andlor friendship very close got sick, and 15% at the request their children andl or grandchildren The 17%. hadfollowed an tobacco control program, but without success. 89% agreed that smoking is dangerous to health and this information was obtained through television (57%), newspapers (43%) and health campaigns (/7%). 78% know that the tobacco can cause cancer, 45% related to lung diseases, but less than half agreed that they are exposed to such diseases. Educational programs determined no to make that the person quits smoking. There was an increased awareness of the dangers of smoking, but it was necessary accept as a personal risk.

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The relationship between morbid obesity and the deleterious effect on health in general is clear, as it is clear the improvement of health parameters after weight loss. Bariatric surgery has proven to be the technique that keeps weight loss in the long term. An endoscopic procedure in a patient who went under this type of surgery requires the endoscopist to recognize not only the anatomical changes in the remaining digestive tract, but also the management of a series of new diseases resulting from different types of procedures and in particular, to define the most suitable time to implement them. There are three types of bariatric surgery for obesity management: restrictive (gastric sleeve and gastric band); disabsortive (duodenal switch, Scopinaro surgery); and mixed (gastric bypass Roux-Y), with the following endoscopic management complications: upper GI bleeding, fistula, stenosis, foreign body impaction, pancreato-biliary disorders and weight gain.

Clara es la relación entre obesidad mórbida y el efecto deletéreo sobre la salud en general, como también es clara la mejoría de los parámetros de salud con la baja de peso. La cirugía bariátrica ha demostrado ser la técnica que conserva por más tiempo la baja de peso. Un procedimiento endoscópico en un paciente a quien le han practicado este tipo de cirugía plantea al endoscopista la necesidad de reconocer no sólo los cambios anatómicos del tubo digestivo remanente, sino también el manejo de una serie de nuevas patologías derivadas de las diferentes clases de operaciones y, en especial, definir el momento indicado para implementarlas. Existen tres grupos de cirugías en el manejo de la obesidad: restrictivas (manga gástrica y banda gástrica); disabsortivas (switch duodenal, cirugía de Scopinaro); y mixtas (bypass gástrico en Y de Roux), siendo las complicaciones de manejo endoscópico las hemorragias intraluminales, fístulas, estenosis, impactación de cuerpos extraños, alteraciones pancreato-biliares y ganancia de peso.

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A European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) working party of 28 members from 14 European countries met at the European Congress of Cytology in Lisbon in September 2009, with two observers from the USA, to discuss the need for standardising thyroid FNA nomenclature in the light of the National Institute of Cancer (NCI) recommendations resulting from the State of the Science conference in Bethesda in 2007. The data were obtained through two questionnaires sent by email and a transcript of the live discussion at the congress, which is presented in full. The surveys and discussion showed that there were currently no national terminologies for reporting thyroid FNA in the different European countries except in Italy and the UK. Personal, 'local', surgical pathology and descriptive terminologies were in use. All but one of the working party members agreed that thyroid FNA reporting should be standardised. Whilst almost a third would adopt the NCI Bethesda terminology, which offers the advantages of a 'risk of cancer' correlation and is linked to clinical recommendations, more than half favoured a translation of local terminology as the first step towards a unified nomenclature, as has been done recently in the UK. There was some disagreement about the use of: a) the six-tiered as opposed to four or five-tiered systems, b) the use of an indeterminate category and c) the 'follicular neoplasm' category, which was felt by some participants not to be different from the 'suspicious of malignancy' category. The conclusions will be passed to the different national societies of cytology for discussion, who will be asked to map their local terminologies to the Bethesda classification, observe its acceptance by clinicians and audit its correlation with outcome.

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Endoscopic biliary drainage through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a widely accepted therapeutic option in malignant biliary obstructions. However, the procedure is not free of complications. Perforation is one possible complication although it is much less frequent (less than 1%) than pancreatitis (5.4%) or hemorrhage (2%). We present 2 cases of duodenal perforation after placement of a biliary prosthesis through ERCP. Both patients had extensive hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Onset of symptoms of perforation occurred a few hours after placement of the prosthesis and the diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography and laparotomy. We believe that the mechanism through which perforation occurred was proximal adhesion of the prosthesis to the tumor. This increased the intensity of distal trauma produced by the intraduodenal segment, preventing adaptation of the prosthesis to intestinal peristalsis. A good preventive measure would consist of correctly adjusting the length of the prosthesis in relation to the proximal end of the biliary stenosis.

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El drenaje biliar endoscópico mediante la colangiopancreatografíaretrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es una alternativaterapéutica aceptada para las obstrucciones biliares malignas,que no está exenta de complicaciones. La perforación esuna de éstas, aunque mucho menos frecuente (menos de 1%)que la pancreatitis (5,4%) o la hemorragia (2%). Presentamos2 casos de perforación duodenal tras la colocación deuna prótesis biliar por CPRE. En ambos casos, se tratabade un colangiocarcinoma hiliar extenso, la clínica relacionadacon la perforación fue de inicio temprano, horas despuésde la colocación de la prótesis, y la tomografía computarizadajunto a la laparotomía confirmaron el diagnóstico de lacomplicación. Creemos que el mecanismo por el cual se produjola perforación fue por fijación proximal de la prótesispor el tumor. Ésta aumentaba la intensidad del trauma distalproducido por el segmento intraduodenal e impedía laadaptación de la prótesis al peristaltismo intestinal. Unabuena medida de prevención sería un adecuado ajuste de lalongitud de la prótesis respecto al extremo proximal de la estenosisbiliar

Endoscopic biliary drainage through endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a widely accepted therapeuticoption in malignant biliary obstructions. However,the procedure is not free of complications. Perforation is onepossible complication although it is much less frequent (lessthan 1%) than pancreatitis (5.4%) or hemorrhage (2%). Wepresent 2 cases of duodenal perforation after placement of abiliary prosthesis through ERCP. Both patients had extensive hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Onset of symptoms of perforationoccurred a few hours after placement of the prosthesisand the diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomographyand laparotomy. We believe that the mechanism throughwhich perforation occurred was proximal adhesion of theprosthesis to the tumor. This increased the intensity of distaltrauma produced by the intraduodenal segment, preventingadaptation of the prosthesis to intestinal peristalsis. A goodpreventive measure would consist of correctly adjusting thelength of the prosthesis in relation to the proximal end ofthe biliary stenosis

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OBJECTIVES: to analyse survival and quality of life of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice after palliative treatment, comparing endoscopic stent insertion and palliative surgical (palliative resection and bypass surgical). PATIENTS AND METHOD: eighty and seven patients were included in a trial. They were distributed to endoscopic stent (50) and palliative surgical (37). It analysed survival, quality of life and comfort index of jaundiced patients. The good quality of life was defined by absence of jaundice, pruritus and cholangitis after the initial treatment. RESULTS: the median survival of the patients treated to endoscopic stent was 9,6 months whereas the patients to surgical treatment survived a median of 17 months. The time free of disease was 4 months in stented patients and 10,5 months in surgical patients. There was no significant difference in comfort index between the two groups (stented 34%, surgical 42,5%) Neither was there significant difference in survival and quality of life between palliative resection and bypass surgery. CONCLUSIONS: despite the survival and time free of disease being better in surgical patients, there was no significant difference in overall quality of life between the two groups. The survival and quality of life are the same after palliative resection as after bypass surgery, for this should not be performed routinely or to justify resection as a debulking procedure.

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Street-vendors in Mexico City provide ready-to-eat food to a high proportion of the inhabitants. Nevertheless, their microbiological status, general hygienic and trading practices are not well known. During spring and summer 2000, five tianguis (open markets) were visited and 48 vendors in 48 stalls interviewed. A total of 103 taco dressings were sampled for E. coli and Salmonella spp.: 44 (43%) contained E. coli and 5 (5%) Salmonella (2 S. Enteritidis phage type 8, 1 S. Agona, 2 S. B group). Both E. coli and salmonellas were isolated from three samples. Of Salmonella-positive stalls 80% (4/5) had three or more food-vendors and 80% of vendors were males, compared with 37.3% (16/43) and 46.4% (20/43) in the Salmonella-negative stalls respectively. Food-vendors kept water in buckets (reusing it all day), lacked toilet facilities, and prepared taco dressings the day before which remained at the tianguis without protection for 7.8 h on average. Consumption of street-vended food by local and tourist populations poses a health risk.

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The IgA1 protease secreted by the pathogenic Neisseriae cleaves Lamp1, a major integral membrane glycoprotein of lysosomes, and significantly reduces its steady-state levels in an infected cell. IgA1 protease hydrolysis of Lamp1 is inefficient at the low pH of lysosomes, strongly suggesting that the enzyme is unlikely to reduce Lamp1 levels within lysosomes to any appreciable extent. We therefore explored the possibility that the protease may reach Lamp1 through an alternative route. We demonstrate that Neisseria pili induce a transient increase in the levels of cytosolic free Ca2+ in A431 human epithelial cells, as demonstrated previously for ME180 cells. This Ca2+ flux triggers lysosome exocytosis, quickly altering the cellular distribution of Lamp1 and increasing surface Lamp1 levels. Finally, we demonstrate that surface Lamp1 is cleaved by IgA1 protease secreted by adherent bacteria. We conclude that the pilus-induced Ca2+ flux increases the amount of Lamp1 that is cleavable by the IgA1 protease.

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El vólvulo de intestino delgado primario es una condición en la cual existe una torsión de la totalidad o de un segmento del intestino delgado y su mesenterio, sin encontrarse malrotación intestinal, bridas adquiridas o congénitas o cualquier otra condición que facilite que se produzca el vólvulo. En el adulto generalmente ocurre en un segmento del intestino medio. Se presentan 4 casos de vólvulo primario del intestino delgado en el adulto, operado en el Servicio de Urgencia de la Clínica Alemana. Por su escasa frecuencia en nuestro medio, este cuadro presenta una importante dificultad diagnóstica. En todos los casos destaca en su presentación clínica, el comienzo agudo de dolor abdominal de gran intensidad, que no guarda relación con los hallazgos del examen clínico y con escasa repercusión en los estudios complementarios. Los cuatros pacientes fueron sometidos a intervención quirúrgica

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A case of cholestasis in a young patient with portal cavernomatosis is reported. This clinical picture is very infrequent and appears as a consequence of extrinsic compression on the common bile duct due to which the derivative venous collaterals. There does not appear to be any relationship between the intensity of the morphologic alteration of the biliary tract and the level of portal hypertension and the degree of extrahepatic obstruction. Diagnosis was fundamentally achieved by arteriography and retrograde cholangiography with differential diagnosis with the previously mentioned diseases being required. Chronic cholestasis advises derivative surgery in which difficulties may be found due to the presence of thick collaterals in the hepatic pedicle as occurred in this patient.

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BACKGROUND: Purified human cross-linked hemoglobin, which is now being used in clinical trials, increases mean arterial pressure through binding of nitric oxide (NO). We postulated that binding of NO by cross-linked hemoglobin (alpha alpha Hb) could also increase platelet deposition at sites of subintimal injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with alpha alpha Hb (0.88 g/kg, n = 8) or with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 30 mg/kg, n = 7) before undergoing microsurgical carotid endarterectomy. 111In-labeled platelets were infused after endarterectomy, and platelet deposition was measured 20 minutes later. In control endarterectomized rats (n = 8), mean platelet deposition was 7.7 +/- 0.7 x 10(6)/mm2. Platelet deposition was significantly increased above controls in rats that received alpha alpha Hb (13.2 +/- 0.9 x 10(6)/mm2, P = .0004) and in rats infused with L-NMMA (13.9 +/- 1.0 x 10(6)/mm2, P = .0002). The increase was prevented by infusion of L-arginine (150 mg/kg) immediately after alpha alpha Hb or L-NMMA. To determine whether aspirin (ASA) blocked the increased deposition induced by alpha alpha Hb, rats received oral ASA (10 mg/kg) 18 hours before endarterectomy. Platelet deposition in animals receiving ASA alone was 6.4 +/- 0.9 x 10(6)/mm2 (n = 8). This was significantly increased to 10.8 +/- 0.8 x 10(6)/mm2 (P = .002) for the ASA-treated group that received alpha alpha Hb at the time of endarterectomy (n = 8). The prolonged bleeding times induced by ASA were unaffected by the infusion of alpha alpha Hb. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that in a rat endarterectomy model, alpha alpha Hb increases platelet deposition at sites of subintimal injury by binding NO. Increased deposition induced by alpha alpha Hb can be prevented by administration of L-arginine but not by pretreatment with aspirin.

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Renal osteodystrophy improves after renal transplantation but, after the procedure, other forms of bone disease emerge. We report a male patient that received a renal allograft four years before, who consulted for low back pain secondary to multiple vertebral compression fractures. The patient had good renal function, a parathormone independent hyperphosphaturia, normal 25-OH cholecalciferol, increased urinary hydroxyproline, decreased osteocalcin, reduced bone density and a bone biopsy revealing osteomalacia. The diagnosis of hypophosphemic osteomalacia was reached and treatment with phosphates and ergocalciferol was started but, despite this, the patient suffered a new fracture 2 years later. Two mechanisms can produce hypophosphatemia after a renal transplantation: a parathormone excess due to the previous renal failure, that disappears during the first year after the transplantation or a derangement in renal phosphate transport that can be due to a generalized proximal tubule solute transport derangement (Fanconi syndrome), parathormone hypersensitivity or to an idiopathic hyperphosphaturia. Despite a good treatment, bone mass is not recovered and there is a high fracture risk. Mineral metabolism must be closely monitored after a renal allograft and its alterations must be quickly treated

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We report a 30 years old male, presenting eight years after a kidney transplant with intracraneal hypertension and two hyperdense masses detected in a brain CAT scan, whose histopathological study revealed a giant cell immnunoblastic lymphoma. The patient was successfully treated with chemo and radiotherapy and after 18 months of follow up there is no evidence of tumoral relapse. Immunocompromised patients specially transplant recipients, had a several fold higher incidence of malignant tumors, specially primary lymphomas of the central nervous system. These are generally of B type, are associated to Epstein Barr virus and have a high mortality. Cancer must be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses of uncertain origin in transplant recipients

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In 179 patients subjected to 186 renal tranplants, 30 renal biopsies were performed due to the presence of a proteinuria over 3.5 g/24 h or due to a reduction in glomerular filtration rate. Six of these biopsies, coming from 5 patients, disclosed morphological alterations compatible with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Five of these were due to recurrence of the primary disease (in 4 patients) and in all, massive proteinuria appeared from 1 to 23 days after transplantation. Two patients with three transplants evolved to renal failure and required dialysis in a period 12 months as a mean. The third patient, developed a nephrotic syndrome without renal failure and died 14 months after the renal transplant due to stroke. In the fourth patient, the nephrotic syndrome disappeared 38 days after the transplant and remained with minimal proteinuria until his last follow up visit two years later. The primary disease of the fifth patient is unknown, the nephrotic syndrome appeared 68 months after the transplant and remitted spontaneously in 2 months. The renal biopsy showed focal and segmental lesions with partial effacement of epithelial foot processes. It is concluded that focal segmental glomerulosclerosis recurrence in renal transplant occurs with aerly massive proteinuria and frequently leads to renal failure and graft loss in no more than two years

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