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INTRODUCTION: The impacts of migraine on daily life, including daily activities and fundamental health indicators (sleep and mental health), have not been described in detail for people with migraine in Japan. METHODS: The cross-sectional ObserVational survey of the Epidemiology, tReatment, and Care Of MigrainE (OVERCOME [Japan]) study was conducted between July and September 2020. Impacts of migraine on housework, family/social/leisure activities, driving, and sleep were assessed using questions from the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire, and Impact of Migraine on Partners and Adolescent Children scales and questions developed for OVERCOME (Japan). The Migraine Interictal Burden Scale (MIBS-4) evaluated burden on days without headaches. Depression and anxiety were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scales, respectively. Impacts on daily life were also described across MIDAS/MIBS-4 categories. RESULTS: Among 17,071 respondents with migraine, 24.8% required assistance with housework at least sometimes. Migraine interfered with relationships, leisure, and social activities at least sometimes for 31.8%, 41.6%, and 18.0% of respondents, respectively. Between headache days, 26.8% of respondents worried about planning social/leisure activities at least sometimes. Among respondents living with family (N = 13,548), migraine also had impacts on participation in and enjoyment of family activities. Among respondents who drove (N = 10,921), 43.9% reported that symptoms interfered with driving at least sometimes. Migraine interfered with sleep and mood at least sometimes for 52.7% and 70.7% of respondents, respectively. PHQ-8 and GAD-7 thresholds for clinical depression and anxiety were met by 28.6% and 22.0% of respondents, respectively. Impact of migraine on daily life increased with increasing severity of MIDAS/MIBS-4 categories. CONCLUSION: The burden of migraine on daily activities, sleep, and mental health is substantial for people with migraine in Japan. In clinical practice, it is important to evaluate the impact of migraine on daily life in addition to migraine symptoms.

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Migraine is the sixth most common cause of disability worldwide. Historically, three theories regarding the etiology of headache have been suggested: vascular, neuronal, and trigeminovascular. However, the mechanism of migraine is still unknown. The advantages of studying the premonitory phase are several as it is the earliest clinical change during a migraine attack, and hence, is likely to disclose brain areas involved right at the beginning. Studying this phase may also allow to reveal the generator of migraine. In human neurophysiology, human functional neuroimaging, and preclinical biochemical studies, the relationship between the premonitory phase and hypothalamus has been suggested. On the other hand, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has now been firmly established as a key player in migraine. Trigeminal CGRP and its roles in vasodilation, neurogenic inflammation, and peripheral sensitization are likely to be the most relevant peripheral actions causing the condition. CGRP could also be acting as a neuromodulator of light aversion, central sensitization, and cortical spreading depression (CSD).

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BACKGROUND: We studied the relationship between survival prognosis and the functional outcome at discharge from acute-care hospitals in each subtype of ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: A total of 853 consecutive patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, recruited from December 1999 to November 2002, were followed for 725.8 ± 430.0 days. Functional outcome was scored using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank test, and Cox regression model. RESULTS: The respective mortality of the groups with mRS scores of 0-2, 3, 4, and 5 were 13.1%, 25.0%, 47.2% (p<0.05), and 74.0% (p<0.05) in cardioembolic infarction (CEI) patients; 11.3%, 6.9%, 5.6%, and 46.7% (p<0.05) in atherothrombotic infarction (ATI) patients; 8.5%, 5.6%, 11.1%, and 0% (no patient) in lacunar infarction (LACI) patients; and 2.6%, 3.0%, 23.3% (p<0.05), and 28.9% (p<0.05) in infarction of unknown cause (IUC) patients. Multi-variate analysis showed that the mRS score was a significant predictive factor for death in CEI patients, and tended to be a predictive factor for death in ATI patients, or IUC patients. CONCLUSION: Functional outcome at discharge from acute-care hospitals may predict the survival prognosis of each subtype of ischemic stroke.

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AIM: We assessed the long-term prognosis of patients with large subcortical infarctions (LSCI). METHODS: We defined LSCI as lesions > or =15 mm confined to deep penetrating arteries without a cardioembolic or atherothrombotic source. Patients with acute ischemic strokes were consecutively registered and followed for 751 +/- 441 days. The clinical characteristics and long-term prognoses of patients with LSCI were compared to those of patients with lacunar (LACI), atherothrombotic (ATI) and cardioembolic infarctions (CEI). RESULTS: At discharge from the hospital, the proportion of good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale < or =2) for patients with LSCI (52.1%) was similar to that for ATIs (47.2%), but worse than that for LACIs (73.2%). After a 3-year follow-up period, the mortality rates from LSCI, LACIs, ATIs and CEIs were 8.4, 8.2, 22.3 and 41.1%, respectively; the recurrence rates were 9.3, 14.1, 16.6 and 23.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term prognosis of functional outcomes for LSCI was worse than that for LACIs, but similar to acute-phase ATI outcomes. The long-term prognosis after a LSCI is good, and recurrence tends to be lower than for LACIs.

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OBJECTIVES: To identify determinants of recurrence after ischemic stroke in the Japanese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 885 patients with acute ischemic stroke that had been admitted to our community hospitals. A total of 831 cases were followed for 1 year after the index stroke. Patients were assigned to one of the ischemic stroke subtype groups based on the NINDS Stroke Data Bank criteria. RESULTS: Rates of stroke recurrence were significantly different among stroke subtype groups: 14.4% in cardioembolic infarction, 7.3% in atherothrombotic infarction (ATI), 6.2% in lacunar infarction (LI) and 7.8% in infarction of uncertain cause. Previous history of stroke was the predictor of stroke recurrence for the groups of ATI and LI patients, and diabetes mellitus was the predictor of recurrence for the group of LI patients. CONCLUSION: The rate of recurrence and risk factors for stroke recurrence are different by stroke subtypes.

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We identify the prevalence and genetic features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) in Yonago and Sakaiminato, western Japan. From information in registered records and questionnaires, definite or candidate CMT patients were examined. Eleven families with 19 patients (7 female and 12 male) were identified and the prevalence was 10.8 per 100,000 in April 2000. Eleven patients in 6 families showed a Thr124Met mutation of the MPZ gene, in 2 families duplication of the PMP22 gene was suggested and no abnormalities were found in 2 families. To identify the occurrence of mildly affected CMT, the exhaustive region-matched and family study was necessary.

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