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Social and cultural factors influence dietary intake and behaviors. Research shows that mothers consume a lower quality diet when they have a child who is assimilated to the US culture versus bicultural. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively compare how bicultural and assimilated children influenced their culturally traditional mothers' dietary intake/behaviors. Separate one-on-one interviews with 21 Mexican-origin mothers and their bicultural (n = 11) or assimilated (n = 10) children (10-13 years old) were conducted. We used framework analysis to reduce qualitative data to themes and subthemes. Data were analyzed separately and then compared between mothers of bicultural versus assimilated children. Mothers of bicultural children reported typically having an easier time consuming a better quality diet than mothers of assimilated children. For example, although all children requested non-traditional foods, bicultural children were typically more accepting of their mothers preparing traditional healthier foods than assimilated children. Furthermore, mothers believed their children's food preferences both influenced and were influenced by their own feeding styles. Mothers of bicultural children described using more "Mexican" (i.e., authoritative) feeding styles that they believed shaped their children's palate into preferring traditional foods. Mothers of assimilated children explained that their children's preference for non-traditional foods resulted in their use of more permissive or indulgent feeding styles. Longitudinal research is needed to test and confirm the directionality between feeding styles and child's food preferences. Interventions may need to consider the reciprocal influences between mothers' feeding styles, children's food preferences, and how children influence their mothers' dietary intake/behavior.

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OBJECTIVE: To review and assess the effectiveness of physical activity interventions delivered in faith-based organizations. DATA SOURCE: We searched the Cochrane Library, DoPHER, EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, WHO ICTRP, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases until January 2016, without restriction of language or publication date. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials investigating physical activity interventions for adults delivered in faith-based organizations. DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed study methodological quality. DATA SYNTHESIS: We used relative risk and mean difference with 95% confidence interval to estimate the effect of the interventions on measures of physical activity, physical fitness, and health. RESULTS: The review included 18 studies. Study participants were predominantly female, and the majority of trials were conducted in the United States. Study heterogeneity did not allow us to conduct meta-analyses. Although interventions delivered in faith-based organizations increased physical activity and positively influenced measures of health and fitness in participants, the quality of the evidence was very low. CONCLUSION: Faith-based organizations are promising settings to promote physical activity, consequently addressing health disparities. However, high-quality randomized clinical trials are needed to adequately assess the effectiveness of interventions delivered in faith-based organizations.

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RATIONALE: Research shows that acculturation is important to Latinas' dietary intake and related behaviors. Although evidence suggests children may also play a role, it remains unclear whether children's acculturation is related to mothers' dietary intake/behaviors. OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between Latino children's acculturation and mothers' dietary intake/behaviors. We also examined the mother-child acculturation gap to identify dyad characteristics associated with mothers' diet. METHODS: Baseline surveys were collected in 2010 from 314 Latino mother-child (7-13 years old) dyads of Mexican-origin enrolled in a family-based dietary intervention in Southern California, USA. Mother's daily intake of fruits, vegetables, and sugary beverages, percent of calories from fat, weekly away-from-home eating, and percent of weekly grocery dollars spent on fruits and vegetables were assessed via self-report. Mothers' and children's bidimensional acculturation were examined using acculturation groups (e.g., assimilated, bicultural) derived from Hispanic and non-Hispanic dimensions of language. We also assessed the acculturation gap between mothers and children with the a) difference in acculturation between mothers' and children's continuous acculturation scores and b) mother-child acculturation gap typologies (e.g., traditional mothers of assimilated children). RESULTS: Findings show that having an assimilated versus a bicultural child was negatively associated with mothers' vegetable intake and positively associated with mothers' sugary beverage intake, percent of calories from fat, and frequency of away-from-home eating, regardless of mothers' acculturation. Traditional mothers of assimilated children reported more sugary beverage intake, calories from fat, and more frequent away-from-home eating than traditional mothers of bicultural children. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that children's acculturation is associated with their mothers' dietary intake/behaviors and traditional mothers of assimilated children require more attention in future research.

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BACKGROUND: The Institute for Behavioral and Community Health (IBACH) is a transdisciplinary organization with a team-oriented approach to the translation of research to practice and policy within the context of behavioral medicine. OBJECTIVES: This paper tracks the growth of IBACH in the context of evolving, multi-university transdisciplinary research efforts from a behavioral medicine research focus to community approaches to disease prevention and control, ultimately specializing in Latino health research and practice. We describe how this growth was informed by our partnerships with community members and organizations, and training a diverse array of students and young professionals. METHODS: Since 1982, IBACH's research has evolved to address a greater breadth of factors associated with health and well-being. This was driven by our strong community focus and emphasis on collaborations, the diversity of our investigative teams, and our emphasis on training. Although behavioral science still forms the core of IBACH's scientific orientation, research efforts extend beyond those traditionally examined. CONCLUSIONS: IBACH's "team science" successes have been fueled by a specific population emphasis, making IBACH one of the nation's leaders in Latino health behavior research.

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INTRODUCTION: Although Latinos have lower hypertension rates than non-Latino whites and African Americans, they have a higher prevalence of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. Research on predictors of hypertension has mostly focused on intrapersonal factors with no studies assessing the combined influence of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to assess a broad range of correlates including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors on measured blood pressure category (nonhypertensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive) in a sample of Latina women residing in San Diego, California. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the San Diego Prevention Research Center's Familias Sanas y Activas program, a promotora-led physical activity intervention. The sample was 331 Latinas who self-selected into this program. Backward conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the strongest correlates of measured blood pressure category. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis suggested that the strongest correlates of prehypertension were soda consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, [1.00-1.80], P ≤ .05) and age (OR = 1.03, [1.00-1.05], P ≤ .05). The strongest correlates of hypertension were soda consumption (OR = 1.92, [1.20-3.07], P ≤ .01), age (OR = 1.09, [1.05-1.13], P ≤ .001), and measured body mass index (OR = 1.13, [1.05-1.22], P ≤ .001). All analyses controlled for age and education. No interpersonal or environmental correlates were significantly associated with blood pressure category. CONCLUSION: Future research should aim to further understand the role of soda consumption on risk for hypertension in this population. Furthermore, interventions aimed at preventing hypertension may want to focus on intrapersonal level factors.

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OBJECTIVE: Consumption of water may help promote health and prevent obesity in children by decreasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This study used evidence-based strategies to increase water consumption in Mexican-American and Mexican children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2012, two schools in San Diego, USA and two other in Tlaltizapan, Mexico were recruited to Agua para Niños (Water for Kids), a program designed to promote water consumption among elementary grade students. Guided by operant psychology, the intervention focused on school and classroom activities to encourage water consumption. One control and one intervention school in each country were included. RESULTS: Agua para Niños resulted in increases in observed water consumption and bottle possession among US and Mexican students. Teacher receptivity to the program was very positive in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: Agua para Niños yielded sufficiently positive behavioral changes to be used in a future fully randomized design, and to contribute to school nutrition policy changes.

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Objective. Consumption of water may help promote health and prevent obesity in children by decreasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This study used evidence-based strategies to increase water consumption in Mexican-American and Mexican children. Materials and methods. In 2012, two schools in San Diego, USA and two other in Tlaltizapan, Mexico were recruited to Agua para Niños (Water for Kids), a program designed to promote water consumption among elementary grade students. Guided by operant psychology, the intervention focused on school and classroom activities to encourage water consumption. One control and one intervention school in each country were included. Results. Agua para Niños resulted in increases in observed water consumption and bottle possession among US and Mexican students. Teacher receptivity to the program was very positive in both countries. Conclusions. Agua para Niños yielded sufficiently positive behavioral changes to be used in a future fully randomized design, and to contribute to school nutrition policy changes.

Objetivo. Explorar cómo el consumo de agua proporciona salud y previene la obesidad en los niños al disminuir el consumo de bebidas endulzadas con azúcar, a partir del empleo de estrategias basadas en la evidencia para aumentar el consumo de agua en niños mexicanos y mexicano-estadounidenses. Material y métodos. En 2012, se eligieron dos escuelas en San Diego, EU y otras dos en Tlaltizapán, Morelos, México para implementar el programa Agua para Niños (Water for Kids), diseñado para promover el consumo de agua en los niños de nivel primaria. Bajo el enfoque de la psicología operante, la intervención se centró en las actividades escolares en general y dentro del aula para fomentar el consumo de agua. Resultados. Agua para Niños logró un aumento en el consumo de agua y la utilización personal de una botella con este líquido entre los estudiantes mexicano-estadounidenses y mexicanos. La receptividad del programa por parte de los maestros fue bastante positiva en ambos países. Conclusiones. Agua para Niños produjo cambios conductuales suficientemente positivos, lo que la hace una estrategia que puede utilizarse en futuros estudios aleatorizados que contribuyan a lograr cambios en las políticas escolares de nutrición.

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CONTEXT: Between 1974 and 1997, the prevalence of overweight increased 300% among Brazilian children and adolescents. A systematic review was conducted between January 2010 and December 2011 of obesity-related interventions targeting Brazilian children and adolescents. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Manuscripts from 1965 to December 2010 were evaluated based on inclusion criteria including evaluating obesity-related outcomes and at least 50% of participants living in Brazil. Methods were adapted from the CDC's Community Guide. Evidence was based on the number of available studies, study design, execution, quality, and effect size. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Sixteen articles were abstracted; five met final inclusion criteria. All intervention samples (range n=14-78; mean n=40.6) included overweight or obese children aged 8-17 years. The intervention duration range was 3-6 months, and dose frequency ranged from two to five times per week. Three of the five interventions included healthy eating and physical activity; two included only physical activity. Two interventions studies were rated as having greatest design suitability. Only one intervention had the greatest design suitability and a large effect size. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention approaches that combined physical activity and healthy eating had the strongest effects. However, small sample bias, 95% CIs of primary effects, and poor-to-moderate quality of research designs and implementation suggest the combined evidence is best rated as Insufficient. This prohibits the recommendation of specific strategies or settings. Findings suggest that more well-designed evidence-based childhood obesity interventions in Brazil are needed and that promising, but yet unproven, interventions should be evaluated rigorously.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic literature review was to identify evidence-based strategies associated with effective healthcare interventions for prevention or treatment of childhood obesity in Latin America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of peer-reviewed, obesity-related interventions implemented in the healthcare setting was conducted. Inclusion criteria included: implementation in Latin America, aimed at overweight or obese children and evaluation of at least one obesity-related outcome (e.g., body mass index (BMI), z-score, weight, and waist circumference, and body fat). RESULTS: Five interventions in the healthcare setting targeting obese children in Latin America were identified. All five studies showed significant changes in BMI, and the majority produced sufficient to large effect sizes through emphasizing physical activity and health eating. CONCLUSION: Despite the limited number of intervention studies that treat obesity in the healthcare setting, there is evidence that interventions in this setting can be effective in creating positive anthropometric changes in overweight and obese children.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic literature review of obesity interventions that focused on increasing physical activity and healthy eating among overweight and obese children in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data was taken from a larger literature review focused on obesity interventions for Latinos in Latin America and the United States. Study design suitability, quality of execution, and effect size were assessed for a subset of these articles. RESULTS: There were six intervention studies included in the present review. Five studies showed reductions in obesity-related outcomes, while one study reported gains in body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity and healthy eating remain constant components in obesity treatment interventions, which highlights the importance of understanding evidence-based strategies to guide future research to reduce childhood obesity in Mexico.

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Objective. The objective of this systematic literature review was to identify evidence-based strategies associated with effective healthcare interventions for prevention or treatment of childhood obesity in Latin America. Materials and methods. A systematic review of peer-reviewed, obesity-related interventions implemented in the healthcare setting was conducted. Inclusion criteria included: implementation in Latin America, aimed at overweight or obese children and evaluation of at least one obesity-related outcome (e.g., body mass index (BMI), z-score, weight, and waist circumference, and body fat). Results. Five interventions in the healthcare setting targeting obese children in Latin America were identified. All five studies showed significant changes in BMI, and the majority produced sufficient to large effect sizes through emphasizing physical activity and health eating. Conclusion. Despite the limited number of intervention studies that treat obesity in the healthcare setting, there is evidence that interventions in this setting can be effective in creating positive anthropometric changes in overweight and obese children.

Objetivo. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura fue identificar estrategias basadas en evidencia asociadas con intervenciones en salud efectivas para la prevención y el tratamiento de la obesidad infantil en Latinoamérica. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática por pares de intervenciones relacionadas con la obesidad, que fueron llevadas a cabo en clínicas de atención para la salud. Criterios de inclusión: implementadas en Latinoamérica, dirigidas a niños con obesidad y sobrepeso y evaluación de por lo menos un resultado relacionado con obesidad (ej. índice de masa corporal (IMC), puntaje Z, peso, circunferencia de cintura o grasa corporal). Resultados. Se identificaron cinco intervenciones dirigidas a niños obesos en clínicas de salud en Latinoamérica. Todas las intervenciones mostraron cambios significativos en IMC y la mayoría obtuvo un tamaño del efecto grande a través de la promoción de actividad física y alimentación saludable. Conclusión. A pesar del número limitado de estudios de intervención para tratar la obesidad en clínicas de salud, existe evidencia que las intervenciones en estos lugares pueden ser efectivas en alcanzar cambios antropométricos positivos en los niños con obesidad y sobrepeso.

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Objective. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic literature review of obesity interventions that focused on increasing physical activity and healthy eating among overweight and obese children in Mexico. Materials and methods. Data was taken from a larger literature review focused on obesity interventions for Latinos in Latin America and the United States. Study design suitability, quality of execution, and effect size were assessed for a subset of these articles. Results. There were six intervention studies included in the present review. Five studies showed reductions in obesity-related outcomes, while one study reported gains in body mass index (BMI). Conclusions. Physical activity and healthy eating remain constant components in obesity treatment interventions, which highlights the importance of understanding evidence-based strategies to guide future research to reduce childhood obesity in Mexico.

Objetivo. El propósito del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura en intervenciones relacionadas con la obesidad enfocadas en incrementar la actividad física y alimentación saludable en niños mexicanos con obesidad y sobrepeso. Material y métodos. La información forma parte de una revisión sistemática de la literatura enfocada en intervenciones para prevenir o tratar la obesidad en población latina habitante de Latinoamérica y Estados Unidos. La adecuación del diseño del estudio, la calidad de ejecución y el efecto de la muestra fueron evaluados para una submuestra de estos artículos. Resultados. Se incluyeron seis estudios dentro de la revisión. Cinco estudios encontraron una reducción en los resultados relacionados con la obesidad, mientras que un estudio encontró ganancias en el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Conclusiones. La actividad física y alimentación saludables fueron componentes constantes de las intervenciones para tratamiento de la obesidad. Esto resalta la importancia de entender las estrategias basadas en evidencia para guiar futuras investigaciones en la reducción de la obesidad infantil en México.

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PURPOSE: To examine pathways between individual, social, and environmental factors associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among Mexican-American adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design using random-digit dialing to administer a structured telephone interview. SETTING: Mexican-American adults living in a U.S.-Mexican border community in San Diego, California (N = 672). MEASURES: Data were collected on LTPA, demographic characteristics, acculturation, and other psychosocial and environmental factors associated with LTPA. ANALYSIS: Structural equation modeling to test an a priori model of LTPA. RESULTS: Participants were mostly female (71%) with a mean age of 39 years (SD = 13). Only 32% of participants met PA guidelines in their leisure time, with men (39%) meeting the guidelines more than women (29%). Using structural equation modeling, neighborhood factors, both social and environmental, showed indirect relationships with meeting PA guidelines through community resource factors. Significant covariates included marital status and age. CONCLUSION: Individual, social, and environmental factors were associated with LTPA in this sample of Mexican-American adults. These findings can inform intervention studies that aim to increase LTPA in this population.

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BACKGROUND: Understanding home environments might shed light on factors contributing to reduced physical activity (PA) in children, particularly minorities. Few studies have used microlevel observations to simultaneously assess children's PA and associated conditions in homes. METHODS: Trained observers assessed PA and associated physical and social environmental variables in the homes of 139 Mexican American children (69 boys, 70 girls; mean age = 6 years) after school. RESULTS: Children spent most time indoors (77%) and being sedentary (74%). Reduced PA was associated with viewing media, being indoors, and parents being present. Increased PA was associated with prompts for PA and other children being present. PA prompts differed by child gender and location and prompter age status. CONCLUSIONS: Children are frequently sedentary at home. Microlevel observations showed PA is associated with potentially modifiable social and physical factors, including spending time outdoors. Studies to determine whether interventions on these correlates can improve children's PA are needed.

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Increasing evidence links restaurant food with overweight, but little is known about the relative roles of different types of restaurants, or the effects among Latinos. Using baseline data from an intervention trial, this study tested whether the type of restaurant a family reports visiting most often is associated with the body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m(2)) of children and adults. Children, ages 4 to 7, and one primary caregiver for each child (94% mothers), were recruited through public elementary schools in southern San Diego County, CA, with at least 70% Latino enrollment. Weight and height measurements and survey information assessing family restaurant patronage were collected from 223 pairs of children and adults. Logistic regression results showed that children were most likely to be at risk of overweight (BMI >or=85th percentile) in families who ate most often at fast-food chains (odds ratio: 2.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.2 to 4.3). Parent overweight (BMI >or=25) was associated with eating at American restaurants, primarily buffets (odds ratio: 2.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 6.2). Both child and parent BMI were lowest in families selecting Mexican restaurants. Eating at fast-food chains and other Anglo-oriented restaurants may contribute to higher obesity rates linked to acculturation among Mexican Americans.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between family variables and children's diets. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with households sampled using random-digit dialing. Children completed a one-time, self-administered survey, and mothers participated in a face-to-face structured interview. SETTING: Data collection occurred in southern San Diego County on the U.S.-Mexico border. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-seven Mexican American children between 8 and 18 years of age and their mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diet: number of snacks, candies and sweets, and sodas consumed daily; dietary fat and fiber; and money spent weekly on fast food and snacks. Family variables: household size, family support for healthful eating, number of meals eaten together, availability of fast food in the home, food ads seen on television, and parent purchasing food products that children saw advertised on television. DATA ANALYSES: Regression analyses were used to examine the independent contributions of family variables on dietary intake. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Greater family support for healthful eating was associated with fewer snacks and more fiber consumed. Children of parents who purchased food products that their children had seen advertised on television reported consuming more snacks and more fat, and they spent more money on fast food and snacks. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Family-based interventions are needed to moderate the potential influence of television-advertised food products on children's requests for these food products.

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